[PH:] “I want to take you through some of these egregious measures that are being inflicted on the population in the name of Public Health. If you’re new to my channel, I encourage you to watch my previous videos where I talk about the whole concept of Public Health, which is quite ludicrous to me because there is Public Sanitation and there’s Public Safety but there’s only individual health. I am not responsible for anyone else’s health and they are not responsible for mine. I see this concept of Public Health and public health laws as a massive grab by the government for you –your body; your ability to move, to travel, to work…
…we have to ‘read between the lies’ as I like to say…”
New York (minute4) [document]: “ ‘Quarantine’ shall mean the physical separation and confinement of an individual or groups of individuals who are reasonably determined by the State Commissioner of Health or local health authority to have been exposed to a highly contagious communicable disease, but who do not show signs or symptoms of such disease, for such time as will prevent transmission…”
Florida (minute11) [document]: “ ‘isolation’ means the separation of an individual who is reasonably believed to be infected with a communicable disease from individuals who are not infected… ‘Quarantine’ means the separation of an individual…believed to have been exposed…but is not yet ill…[ As passed into law, a Florida health officer has the legal right of] ordering an individual to be examined, tested, treated, isolated or quarantined for communicable diseases that…present a severe danger to public health… Individuals who are unable or unwilling to be examined, tested or treated for reasons of health, religion or conscience may be subjected to isolation or quarantine… If the individual poses a danger to the public health…the State Health Officer may use any means necessary to treat the individual… Any order of the [Health] department pursuant to this subsection shall be immediately enforceable by a law enforcement officer…”
Hawaii (minute16) [document] “Additional powers in an emergency…Provide for and require the quarantine or segregation of persons who are affected with or believed to have been exposed to any infectious, communicable or other disease that is, in the governor’s opinion, dangerous to the public health and safety, or persons who are the source of other contamination in any case where, in the governor’s opinion, the existing laws are not adequate to assure public health and safety; provide for the care and treatment of the persons…concerning compulsory immunization programs; provide for the isolation of closing of property which is a source of contamination or is in a dangerous condition in any case where, in the governor’s opinion, existing laws are not adequate… and designate as public nuisances [any] acts, practices, conduct or conditions that are dangerous to public health and safety or to property; authorize that public nuisances be summarily abated and, if need be, that the property may be destroyed by any police officer or authorized person…[Provision to] suspend any law that impedes or tends to impede or be detrimental to the expeditious and efficient execution of…emergency functions, including laws which by this chapter specifically are made applicable to emergency personnel… In the event of disaster or emergency…[the governor may] shut off water mains, gas mains, electric power…and to the extent permitted by or under federal law, suspend electronic media transmission; Direct and control the mandatory evacuation of the civiliam population; Exercise additional emergency functions…to prevent hoarding, waste, or destruction of materials, supplies, commodities, accommodations, facilities and services…[and provides authority to take over operations of such premises and services]”
California [document, effective January 1, 1996] “Upon being informed by a health officer of any contagious, infectious or communicable disease the [Health] department may…if it considers it proper, take possession or control of the body of any living person…”
Can ‘normal’ children be born with ‘old’ diseases? Longevity research which lumps Alzheimers and atherosclerosis together with inflammatory asthma, for example, suggests they can by focusing on the role of NAD-dependent sirtuins: “[Sirtuins] mute the chronic, overactive inflammation that drives diseases such as atherosclerosis, metabolic disorders, ulcerative colitis, arthritis, and asthma.” –p24, Lifespan, by David Sinclair, 2019
I once overheard two new mothers pushing their baby strollers past my house and chatting loudly during their early-morning workout: “But the doctor said he was born with asthma!” said one. “Not only that but, did you know…” said the other, and the conversation trailed off with them as they moved. My mind fixed on the words ‘born with asthma’. This was 10 years ago and I still haven’t found a mainstream citation to support the claim, though admittedly not looking hard for it. Asthma, they say, is caused by viruses, and babies indeed are born with those — apparently born with a variety of tobacco-type viruses (tobamovirus) in their guts which increase in the first year of life to as much as 50% of viral content in the gut biome as they near age 2.
Tobamoviruses come from plants, it is assumed. Vectors known today include any number of members from all the Life kingdoms.
Asthma is the leading cause of chronic (long-term) illness in children. It affects more than 7 million children in the United States. For unknown reasons, the rate is steadily increasing. Asthma can begin at any age, but most children who have it have their first symptom by age 5.
In childhood asthma, the lungs and airways become easily inflamed when exposed to certain triggers, such as inhaling pollen or catching a cold or other respiratory infection. Childhood asthma can cause bothersome daily symptoms that interfere with play, sports, school and sleep.
Some preschool children get viral infections often. At least half of childrenwithasthma show some sign of it before the age of 5. Viruses are the most common cause of acute asthma episodes in infants 6 months old or younger. How Is Asthma in Infants and Toddlers Different Than Adult Asthma?
Early childhood infectionswith well-known or emerging viruses can lay the pathophysiologic framework for asthma development and exacerbation later in life, which may be due partly to alteration of the airway microbiome. Once asthma is established, acute exacerbations are usually associated with infections with respiratory viruses, such as rhinoviruses (RVs)…
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Rhinoviruses are identical to polioviruses, which in turn are identical to certain plant viruses –read on to citation “Can Plant Viruses Cross the Kingdom Border and Be Pathogenic to Humans.”
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[2009] Bugs and asthma: a different disease?
“The prevalence of asthma has dramatically increased in recent decades. Exacerbations of asthma are a large contributor to asthma-related costs, and are primarily caused by viral and atypical bacterial infections. Rhinoviruses (RVs) are the most common viruses detected after an asthma exacerbation. RVs, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) viral infections early in life can induce wheezing and are associated with the development of asthma later in life. Atypical bacterial infections from Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae have also been linked to chronic asthma and potential asthma exacerbations. In this article, we will discuss recent developments in viral infections, specifically RV, RSV, and hMPV, and atypical bacterial infections as causes of asthma…” https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19387028/
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Life in the Virosphere
Longevity molecules are being discovered in “Plants experiencing stress”—from Lifespan: “[R]esveratrol is produced in greater quantities by grapes and other plants experiencing stress. We also knew that many other health-promoting molecules, and chemical derivatives of them, are produced in abundance by stressed plants; we get resveratrol from grapes; aspirin from willow bark, metformin from lilacs… Plants have survival circuits too, and we think we might have evolved to sense the chemicals they produce in times of stress as an early-warning system, of sorts, to alert our bodies to hunker down [in ‘protection’ mode] as well. What this means, if it’s true, is that when we search for new drugs [or new microbes] from the natural world we should be searching the stressed-out ones: in stressed plants, in stressed fungi, and even in the stressed microbiome populations in our guts. The theory is also relevant to the foods we eat; plants that are stressed have higher concentrations of xenohormetic molecules…” –p131, ibid.
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“Hormesis is a characteristic of many biological processes…[in] response to exposure to increasing amounts of a substance or condition…[and is] generally a favorable biological response to low exposures to toxins and other stressors. The term hormesis comes from Greek hórmēsis “rapid motion, eagerness”, itself from ancient Greek hormáein “to set in motion, impel, urge on”… https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormesis
—in other words, accelerating stress.
“This review compiles information on how hormesis in plants can be used to achieve new production levels… [by application of pesticides, such as glyphosate, where]..the plants benefit from a low dose whereas are distressed by a high dose which leads to an irreversible and negative outcomes on the health and functions of plants” https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651320310642
Directing hormetic activity by inducing stress ‘toxins’ with chemicals and radiation particularly, is a controversial practice, not to mention other “trauma-based hormesis.” Largely from insights on what is posted here, hormetic “stress chemicals” produced in response to change are another addition to the category of ‘virus’ .
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The dominant ‘birth’ virus identified in the Nature article below (Aug.2020) and drawn from a small study in 2016, showed Pepper Mild Mottle Virus (PMMoV) as the most abundant ‘reconstructed’ genome, but the classic ‘type species,’ Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) was also found in these infants, though their parents neither smoked nor handled tobacco. By size and shape, PMMoV and TMV are identical. TMV, in rod form, can be extracted from many hundreds of common food plants. There are also disc, ring, and spherical virions of TMV, but that subject will be explored in the next installment (#4) of Planting Viruses—to some extent, already posted in #3.
[2009]…” Typical tobamovirus-like particles (rigid rods ≈300 nm long) were observed in crude plant extracts. According to literature, at least six tobamoviruses infect peppers: Paprika mild mottle virus (PaMMV); Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV); Ribgrass mosaic virus (RMV); Tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV); Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV); and Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV)” … https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30764375/
New ‘pepper’ tobamoviruses have recently been discovered [2008] and this citation is relevant to my grocery shopping—the packaged peppers on my area’s food shelves are imports from Israel.
[2008] “The biological, serological, and molecular characteristics of a newly isolated L4 resistance-breaking isolate of Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) were studied. The new pathotype of PMMoV is closely related to the Israeli pathotypes P1,2 and P1,2,3 of the virus; however, the mosaic symptoms caused bythis new pathotype on pepper plants with an L4 genotype were more severe than the mild mosaicsymptoms caused by other common pathotypes…” https://www.apsnet.org/publications/plantdisease/2008/July/Pages/92_7_1033.aspx
[2010] Pepper Mild Mottle Virus, a Plant Virus Associated with Specific Immune Responses, Fever, Abdominal Pains, and Pruritus in Humans
Can Plant Viruses Cross the Kingdom Border and Be Pathogenic to Humans?
…” Accordingly, plant viruses are not considered to present potential pathogenicity to humans and other vertebrates. Notwithstanding these beliefs, there are many examples where phytoviruses circulate and propagate in insect vectors. Several issues are raised here that question if plant viruses might further cross the kingdom barrier to cause diseases in humans. Indeed, there is close relatedness between some plant and animal viruses, and almost identical gene repertoires. Moreover, plant viruses can be detected in non-human mammals and humans samples, and there are evidence of immune responses to plant viruses in invertebrates, non-human vertebrates and humans, and of the entry of plant viruses or their genomes into non-human mammal cells and bodies after experimental exposure. Overall, the question raised here is unresolved…It is currently considered that phytoviruses only infect plants and therefore, plant viruses cannot cause disease in humans. In the present review, several issues are raised that challenge this paradigm.…”We describe here that some plant and animal viruses are closely related; humans are considerably exposed to plant viruses; plant viruses can enter mammalian cells and bodies and be naturally present in mammals, including humans; and this presence may be non-neutral; plant viruses may trigger events in mammalian cells and elicit immune responses in invertebrates, non-human vertebrates and humans, and was recently associated with clinical symptoms.
…”The distribution of plant and animal viruses within the currently defined taxons indicates that some plant and animal viruses belong to same viral families (Table 1)… This is true for family Reoviridae, which includes rotavirus, a major cause of gastroenteritis in humans [36], family Rhabdoviridae, which notably includes rabies virus [37], and family Bunyaviridae, which encompasses human pathogens such as Hantaan virus and Toscana virus [38,39,40]. Within the family Rhabdoviridae, genomic organization indicates that some plant viruses of genera Nucleorhabdovirus and Cytorhabdovirus differ from animal viruses of genera Vesiculovirus, Lyssavirus, Novirhabdovirus and Ephemerovirus only by the presence of an additional gene coding for a movement protein, a protein essential for the systemic spread of the virus in the host plant [17,18,37,41]….
…”In addition, Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), which is a member of family Secoviridae, shares structural features and genetic organization with animal picornaviruses such as polioviruses, coxsackie viruses and Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV), which supports the hypothesis that these plant and animal viruses might derive from a common ancestor [43,44]. In addition, pararetroviruses include plant viruses from the family Caulimoviridae, which consists of the only plant viruses with a double-stranded (ds) DNA genome, as well as animal viruses that belong to the family Hepadnaviridae, which includes hepatitis B virus [45]. Similarly, hepatitis E virus, a leading cause of acute hepatitis in humans, was grouped with Beet necrotic yellow vein virus, a plant virus that belongs to the genus Benyvirus, based on phylogeny of RNA polymerases [46]. Recently, endogenous viral elements (EVEs) from plant RNA viruses were detected in 14 insect genomes [47]. Interestingly, EVE sequences very close to those of phytoviruses of the family Virgaviridaewere detected in the genome of a mosquito, Aedes aegypti; a fly, Drosophila rhopaloa; and a bee, Bombyx terrestris. The EVE detected in Aedes aegypti was similar to the tobamovirus genome, which is very surprising as no insect vector is known for tobamoviruses…”
“In this work, we report that plant viruses can also be found frequently in the gut and oropharynx of children during their first year of life, even when they are exclusively breast-fed…
“In 100% of the fecal samples and 65% of the oropharynx samples at least one plant virus was identified. Tobamoviruses in the Virgaviridae family were by far the most frequently detected, with tropical soda apple mosaic virus, pepper mild mottle virus, and opuntia tobamovirus 2 being the most common species. Seventeen complete virus genomes could be assembled, and phylogenetic analyses showed a large diversity of virus strains circulating in the population. These results suggest that children are continuously exposed to an extensive and highly diverse collection of tobamoviruses…
“Metagenomic studies describing the composition of eukaryotic viruses in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts of children are limited, and only a few of them have included children under 1 year of age5,6,7,8,9,10,11. In addition, most of the reported studies have characterized the virome in diseased children8,9,10,11 and just a few have studied community-based healthy children5,6,7. Therefore, we aimed to determine the diversity and dynamic of the oropharyngeal and gastrointestinal eukaryotic viromes in [healthy] children under 1 year of age in a semi-rural population in Mexico, using next generation sequencing. In addition to human viruses, we found that plant viruses were commonly present in the gut and the oropharynx of children during their first year of life and, surprisingly, they were found as early as 2-weeks after birth in exclusively breast-fed infants. Tobamoviruses, in the Virgaviridae family, were the most abundant, and were present in most of the samples analyzed. Of interest, antibodies to plant viruses have been found in animals, including humans3, and it has also been shown that cowpea mosaic virus can disseminate systemically when orally administered to mice12. Whether the common presence of these viruses at an early age has an effect in the infant’s immune system and maturation of the gut remains to be investigated…
…”Some studies have detected the presence of Virgaviridae sequences in fecal samples of children with particular pathologies. Thus, in a study carried out in the Hunan province of China, 238 fecal samples were collected from pediatric patients (0–12.4 years of age) who were clinically diagnosed with mild or severe hand-foot-and-mouth disease10. In pools of samples from severe cases, 94% of the total viral reads were classified in the family Virgaviridae…
“It is now clear that the bacterial communities in the gastrointestinal tract play a critical role on different human developmental pathways early in life22. In this regard, it is of great interest the considerable exposure that infants can have to plant viruses during the first year of life, as shown by the high frequency of detection of tobamoviruses in both the oropharynx (65%) and fecal (100%) samples starting at least 2 weeks after birth. This raises the question of whether these viruses could have an impact in the maturation of the infant’s immune system or in their healthy development, directly or through interactions with other components of the microbiota, as has been observed for norovirus [Norwalk virus] in a mouse model23. This possibility needs to be investigated.”
This Nature study excerpted above, like all others purporting to study humans, makes Zero mention of the vaccination status of study subjects. Given its recent date though, it can and should be assumed that participants were vaccinated according to WHO/CDC recommendations. At the moment, Mexico exempts children under 18 from COVID vaccines unlike the U.S. which is now recommending CoVax for 6-month-old babies and pregnant women.
Routine shots for babies at birth in Mexico, now for longstanding, includes BCG (tuberculosis) and HepB. At 2-months they get Rotarix (rotavirus), anti-pneumococcal, and a whopping ‘pentavalent’ vaccine against H.influenzae, pertussis, diphtheria, tentanus and polio. At six months of age they start regular vaccines for influenza and polio (Sabin OPV and Salk IPV). At 12-months adding HepA, varicella (chicken pox) and Triple SRP (measles, mumps, rubella) –and after that, boosters as they grow, HPV at age eleven and so on. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccination_in_Mexico
Most of these vaccines would also have been given to the mothers when they were young and since 2012, pregnant mothers receive an additional Tdap. The ‘Nature’ study picks up its pregnant volunteers in the third trimester—after, presumably, getting their Tdap.
“Tdap Vaccine Tdap vaccine is recommended during every pregnancy, between 27 and 36 weeks gestation (preferably earlier in this period). When given during pregnancy, Tdap vaccine boosts antibodies in the mother, which are transferred to her developing baby. Early third trimester administration optimizes neonatal antibody levels.”
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Before I launch my ‘stress chemical’ explanation for the presence of tobamoviruses in newborns, I’d like to share this complex description of the mRNA CoV vaccines from an interview between Joseph Mercola and Stephanie Seneff. Touching on a lot of points of virus interaction, this interview also has a beautiful illustration of how our bodies integrate RNA, reverse transcribe it to DNA and pass the genetic ‘signals’ (of more RNA and proteins) on to other cells, including sperm and egg cells.
Mercola: “You found that there is a lot of [naturally-existing] reverse transcriptase in our [cellular] DNA…and this causes our body to turn RNA back into DNA…
Seneff: “…we actually have plenty of reverse transcriptase in our own cells… and if these LINEs and SINEs are able to [convert] RNA back to DNA and to put that DNA back into the genome… and those [LINEs, “sometimes called ‘junkDNA’”] …surprisingly is 10% of our DNA… they’re really weird—they fold DNA and stick it in backwards and…do crazy stuff [that’s] so fascinating… And when people have Alzheimers…[for example] they get multiple copies of that amyloid beta protein…[as] extra genome, with variations in those copies [which] they [made] through RNA… It’s an evolution, and the mechanism from which we evolve, probably… So, we’re taking that RNA, mutating it –because RNA mutates much more easily than DNA does—and then [transcribing] it back into DNA and sticking it back into the genome… This is a known process associated with cancer and all these neurological diseases…
“And when you have [glyphosate, i.e.] with the body so sick [it’s] trying to mutate its way around those problems… It’s a process we use to try and deal with toxic chemicals in [our] environment…
Mercola: “…So,[mutations] can be transferred down genetically…like editing…
Seneff: “yes, and I was blown away to learn about the sperm… There’s a complete story in it that sperm can take… messenger RNA, external RNA and that can be from a virus or a vaccine, taking it in and converting it to DNA and then producing what’s called plasmids. So the sperm does this: whatever mRNA they come up with…,they make [into] plasmids…which is converted to DNA and put into these little pellets –and all the sperm [not just the ‘lucky’ one] in this [fertilizing] environment [around the egg]…are basically handing over to the egg all these plasmids with nuggets of RNA/DNA in them that they [picked up]… The egg takes it up and puts them into all the cells as it grows and… by the time the child is born, it’s got all these plasmids in there with…code to make [vaccine/viral] proteins… And now that child is not going to have any antibodies to that protein –its going to [detect only] human protein. It’s immune system is going to be trained that this is a natural protein and doesn’t need antibodies to it. So if that child gets exposed to [the corresponding] disease it’s immune system won’t react… and they’ll be able to carry that virus for their entire lives and pass it on down to their children…
…”Now, there is [a] disease that cows were getting—a diarrheal infection that was a problem—and what would happen is a baby calf would be born with that virus protein belonging to that genome and the calf would carry that virus and spread it to all the cows, so [farmers] became aware that [they] had all these ‘killer’ calves being born and the adult cows were getting sick with the infection that the calves were carrying… So, I think, this can be done with [humans]…
Mercola: …”basically [creating] superspreaders…”
Seneff: “Yes, and they killed these calves…when they found them…because they couldn’t afford to infect an entire herd…with this virus… So, a virus goes through this process; at first it’s new to the population and causes…disease and …eventually there’s, I think, something in a virus that’s needed , potentially, to get into [the body] system to help cope [with toxins].
In light of the ‘healthy’ TMV-like content of baby guts, scrupulous consideration should be given to the current manipulation of tobamoviruses in plants and the discovery of vectoring these “plant” viruses by mosquitos!
Firstly, there’s the “flying syringe” funded in 2010:
“The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation awarded 100,000 dollars each on Wednesday to scientists in 22 countries including funding for a Japanese proposal to turn mosquitoes into “flying syringes” delivering vaccines. The charitable foundation created by the founder of software giant Microsoft said in a statement that the grants were designed to, “explore bold and largely unproven ways to improve global health.”
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—And then consider decades of experimentation on GMO food and crops with a newer link below to “foreign protein expression” obtained in tobacco: This citation appears to spin out of the same academic network as ’flying syringes’:
[Title] “Improvement of the transient expression system for production of recombinant protein in plants”… [text]”Transgenic plants are generally used to obtain recombinant proteins or identify the localization of proteins…The replication system of plant viruses results in high-level expression of foreign proteins within a few days..[and] can be easily amplified…[such as the] tobamovirus (TMV)-based deconstructed viral system [called] magnIcon [which] has been extensively engineered to achieve high levels of recombinant protein…[demonstrated by the vaccine] ZMapp for Ebolavirus infections…used during a recent outbreak… [Africa, 2014]” https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-23024-y
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And then there’s evidence of tobacco use 12,000 years ago — do you think– as food?
Oldest Known Evidence of Tobacco Use in North America Found in Ice Age Hunting Camp
…. “the most interesting part of the discovery is that there is no direct evidence that people used tobacco past 3,000 years ago, but this research proved its use more than 12,000 years ago.”
“You are what you eat: Sequence analysis reveals how plant microRNAs may regulate the human genome”
March 2019
Abstract
“Background: Nutrigenomic has revolutionized our understanding of nutrition. As plants make up a noticeable part of our diet, in the present study we chose microRNAs of edible plants and investigated if they can perfectly match human genes, indicating potential regulatory functionalities… Results: Four common plant miRNAs were identified to match perfectly with 22 human transcripts. The identified target genes were involved in a broad range of body functions, from muscle contraction to tumor suppression. We could also indicate some connections between these findings and folk herbology and botanical medicine…”
“Plant miRNAs found in human circulating system provide evidences of cross kingdom RNAi”
March 2017
“Background: Emerging evidence indicates that plant miRNAs can present within human circulating system through dietary intake and regulate human gene expression… Results: In this study, we identified abundant plant miRNAs sequences from 410 human plasma small RNA sequencing data sets. One particular plant miRNA miR2910, conserved in fruits and vegetables, was found to present in high relative amount in the plasma samples… Conclusions: Through analysis of public available plasma small RNA sequencing data, we found the supporting evidence for the plant miRNAs cross kingdom RNAi within human circulating system.” https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28361700/
On the frontier of biological complexity is an ‘RNA world’ that prior to the 1980s, research scientists knew little about. They have since learned that most of the genetic material we carry is non-coding, meaning there are no specific proteins associated with it. This is our extraordinary and dynamic epigenome that directs cell functions, behavior, and identity. Professor John Mattick says in his presentation, The New World of RNA Biology, that “most of the genes in humans do not code for proteins”. He compares the known human “coding regions” with those of nematodes (hookworms, for example )as being numerically equivalent, “which means that [we have] more regulatory genes than genes –which is impossible [it was thought]…so, there’s another conversation about how eukaryotes solve this problem which is through microRNAs…and modularity.” Here’s his wonderful [one hour] ‘classroom’ video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WdltOXdwo4g
“RNAi encompasses an array of ancient and sophisticated cellular mechanisms that regulate a variety of biological functions. Argonaute proteins bind many naturally occurring small RNAs to defend against transposable elements, maintain chromosome structure and stability, and regulate developmental timing and differentiation. For example, microRNAs [miRNA] represent a natural form of developmentally-important siRNAs [small interfering RNA]… [O]ne microRNA [can] regulate hundreds of genes. Humans make more than 500 distinct microRNAs, and the inappropriate production of specific microRNAs has been linked to several diseases…” https://www.umassmed.edu/rti/biology/how-rnai-works/
A basic understanding of ‘RNA world’ is enough to follow the logic of what I’ll call “virus world,” as the lexicon of viruses has indeed absorbed the ‘transcript’ fragments from noncoding RNA (i.e. retrotransposons=endogenous viruses=’jumping genes’, etc.) and the endless variety of enzymes and proteins that are made for our adapting and evolving survival.
According to Dr. Mattick, the structural RNAs which build and shape our genes are those most familiar and studied by science: “There are studies going back to the 1960s showing that there are very stable chromatin-associated RNAs… RNA is the third component of chromatin and it’s nuclease resistant”, so it remains stable, resistant to enzymatic degradation—and those are qualities that make Tobacco Mosaic Virus so very interesting. TMV, in fact, looks like a chromatin stack. More than that, it has an observable relationship with the presence of human beings all over the world and deep into antiquity. TMV has more ‘mysteries’ than just its own genetics to reveal.
Ebola, if you’re wondering, looks like TMV. I’ll have more to say (and show) about it in a future ‘Planting Viruses’. A particular TMV mystery is the “coat protein” homologue amino sequence that matches the human/mitochondria enzyme ‘TOMM40L’ found on chromosome 1. (ref. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23573274/) The human/plant construct TOMM40L is known as a “translocase”:
“Translocase is a general term for a protein that assists in moving another molecule, usually across a cell membrane. These enzymes catalyze the movement of ions or molecules across membranes or their separation within membranes… It is also a historical term for the protein now called elongation factor G, due to its function in moving the transfer RNA (tRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA) through the ribosome… Several of these [translocases] involve the hydrolysis of ATP and had been previously classified as ATPases (EC 3.6.3.-), although the hydrolytic reaction is not their primary function…
[Translocase Example #3 (of 3, at the bottom of the page): “Translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 (TOMM40), a protein encoded by the TOMM40 gene, [is an enzyme] whose alleles differentially impact the risk for Alzheimer’s disease” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translocase Alzheimer ‘genes’ also encode on Chromosome 1.
And this is just one example, due probably to the extra attention of medical science on Alzheimers. In 2008 I read a special edition feature in the Los Angeles Times reporting that Americans then in early middle age could expect a 100% rate of Alzheimers.
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”Chromosome 1 is the designation for the largest human chromosome… It was the last completed chromosome, sequenced two decades after the beginning of the Human Genome Project… There are 890 known diseases related to this chromosome” –including porphyria and the single-point mutation disease of rapid premature aging called Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_1
So far, however, there is only one claim of a completely sequenced chromosome, and it’s not chromosome 1. This past April it was widely published that chromosome 8 is the first –the additional entity sought by the COVID PCR tests.
Look again at chromatin structure as it’s bound into a chromosome. Structure, of itself, is the manifestation of a chemical ‘story’.
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Building with RNA
“Architectural RNA in chromatin organization – “RNA plays a well-established architectural role in the formation of membraneless interchromatin nuclear bodies. However, a less well-known role of RNA is in organizing chromatin, whereby specific RNAs have been found to recruit chromatin modifier proteins… Studies… suggest that RNA plays a major direct architectural role in chromatin organization…” https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32897323/
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“Mammalian transcriptome analyses elucidated the presence of thousands of unannotated long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) with distinct transcriptional units. Molecular characterization and functional classification of these lncRNAs are important challenges in the next decade. A subset of these lncRNAs is the core of nuclear bodies, which are the sites of the biogenesis, maturation, storage, and sequestration of specific RNAs, proteins, and ribonucleoprotein complexes. Here, we define a class of lncRNAs termed architectural RNAs (arcRNAs) that function as the essential scaffold or platform of nuclear bodies. Presently, five lncRNAs from mammals, insects, and yeast are classified as arcRNAs. These arcRNAs are temporarily upregulated upon specific cellular stresses, in developmental stages, or in various disease conditions, and sequestrate specific regulatory proteins, thereby changing gene expression patterns.” https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26021608/
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“It is now evident that transcriptional gene regulation usually requires the re-organization of chromatin architecture. Increasing evidence suggested various kinds of RNAs are involved in this process. Especially the nascent RNAs retained at their site of transcription can serve as a scaffold for organizing transcriptionally either favorable or unfavorable chromatin structures…” https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13258-020-00929-5
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Some months ago I posted this “shape matters” article which is mostly imagery of the mixed forms that occur in the “contagious virus” illnesses we’re familiar with –flu, for example– showing rods and spheres next to each other, touching each other, intermingled with the beads-on-a-string assembly that looks like chromatin subunits. I couldn’t say if any of these are “favorable or unfavorable chromatin structures” or even “viruses” as we’re told, but I go forward anyway on the premise of stress chemicals, unhindered by dogmatic contagion theories of disease. You’ll find an Ebolavirus comparison to Tobacco Mosaic Virus there too.
And here’s another image not posted in Virus Shape Matters– this is a montage of H1N1
H1N1 influenza
If there’s truth in advertising and these ‘influenza’ pictures are real specimens, what in the world –the RNA World—are we looking at? Image ‘D’ from H1N1, particularly, looks like a typical ‘mosaic’ or ‘mottle’ virus accumulation in plants.
Here’s an image below of infected soybean (glycine max) treated with anti-serum from cowpea mosaic virus –hopefully you can see the similarity in the viral matrix, the ‘stringbean’-like structures. With time and effort I can find a lot of pictures like these for side-by-side comparisons.
The much-lauded ‘Lifespan’ researcher, David Sinclair writes that “what I’m about to suggest won’t actually come at the cost of human lives… Not even one. But it would require us to confront an idea that many people would find alarming: infecting ourselves with a virus that would quickly move into every cell in our body, turning us into genetically modified organisms. The virus wouldn’t kill; it would do the opposite. Vaccines against senescent cells, [calorie restriction] mimetics, and retrotransposon suppressors are possible pathways to prolonged vitality and work is under way already in labs and clinics around the world… [A] highly contagious disease…is…nothing more than a faster-acting version of aging.” –p158, Lifespan, David Sinclair, 2019
Immortality science, as we can easily deduce from ‘Lifespan,’ is currently dependent on vaccines. At no available technological point in this longevity treatment theory is there long life without injections. Sinclair sings the praises of vaccination: “the idea of giving a patient a little bit of a disease in order to prevent a lot of disease would have been seen as insane –even potentially homicidal—to many people until Jenner did it in 1796. We now know that vaccines are the single most effective medical intervention in human history in terms of saving and extending lifespans.” –p148, ibid. Edward Jenner’s vaccine subjects inconveniently died of diseases in their early twenties, but HEY! , they lived past their childhoods at a time when so many did not, and that’s life extension. Put that paradigm in your pocket. We now also know that cellular stress has benefits akin to direct immune challenge. “By engaging our bodies’ survival mechanisms in the absence of real adversity,” writes Sinclair, “will we push our lifespans far beyond what we can today?…The potential permutations are virtually endless.” –p144. So, we don’t need “real adversity”, like “a little bit of disease” anymore either, right?—just some engagement of our survival mechanisms. “There will come a time in which significantly prolonged vitality is indeed only a few pills away; there are too many promising leads, too many talented researchers, and too much momentum for it to be otherwise.” –p145, Lifespan.
“Life can potentially last forever, as long as it can preserve critical biological information and absorb energy from somewhere in the universe. This doesn’t mean we could be immortal tomorrow…” –p119. “I want to let you in on a secret. I have a window into the future. In 2028, a scientist will discover a new virus, called LINE-1. It will turn out that we are all infected with it. We get it from our parents. It will turn out that the LINE-1 virus is responsible for most other major diseases: diabetes, heart disease, cancer, dementia. It causes a slow, horrible chronic disorder, and all humans will succumb to it, even if they have a low-grade infection. Fortunately, the world pours billions into finding a cure. In 2033, a company will succeed in making a vaccine that prevents LINE-1 infections. New generations who are vaccinated at birth will live fifty years longer than their parents did—it will turn out that that’s our natural lifespan and we had no idea…. [and] it might be truer than you think.” –pp81-82.
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LINE-1 (the LINES and SINES that Stephanie Seneff and Joe Mercola mention) does exist. The LINEs are ‘Long’ and the SINEs are ‘short’ inserts into the very long strands of gene matter, where their function is ‘interference’ but their impulse is ‘repair’:
This is no fantasy–“we are all infected with it. We get it from our parents…It causes a slow, horrible chronic disorder and all humans will succumb” because as David Sinclair points out, “when you disrupt the epigenome by forcing it to deal with DNA breaks, you introduce noise, leading to an erosion of the epigenetic landscape…[creating] bodies turned into chimeras of misguided, malfunctioning cells.” –p60. “Every time there’s a radical adjustment to the epigenome, say after DNA damage from the sun or an X-ray [or an ultrasound, or a vaccine injection], the marbles are jostled…. The marbles are moved… A cell’s identity changes. A skin cell starts behaving differently, turning on genes that were shut off in the womb and were meant to stay off. Now its 90 percent a skin cell and 10 percent other cell types, all mixed up, with properties [let’s say] of neurons and kidney cells. The cell becomes inept at the things skin cells must do… we say the cell has ex-differentiated…succumbing to epigenetic noise.”—pp59-60
He knows what we know: “the epigenome uses our genome to make the music of our lives.” –p37. “Up close, the epigenome is more complex and wonderful than anything we humans have invented.” –p36.
I accept that disclaimer, and always have. It is no virtue to identify ‘beauty’ in creation and act in variance –deviance– to it. The physicist Edward Teller, ‘father of the H-bomb,’ liked to relate a story of preparing and witnessing a Marshall Island test. He arrived a week before the scheduled explosion which was going to obliterate an entire tropical island and was so genuinely pleased with swimming in the clear lagoon and resting on the beach under the shade palms, as they all did, that he persisted in sharing his delight about the paradise lost. This is the mind of “interference,” defense, and weaponeers. Destruction is the price of knowledge and it is very, very interesting –worth the price because out there, up there, and somewhere in the future is the better world “we” will make.
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“Aging brings us to the precipice. Give any of us 100 years or so, and it brings us all there. In 1825, the British actuary Benjamin Gompertz, a learned member of the Royal Society, tried to explain this upward limit with a ‘Law of Human Mortality,’ essentially a mathematical description of aging. He wrote, “It is possible that death may be the consequence of two generally co-existing causes; the one, chance, without previous disposition to death or deterioration; the other, a deterioration, or an increased inability to withstand destruction.’ …Gompertz could accurately predict deaths due to aging: the number of people alive after 50 drops precipitously, but there is a tail at the end where some ‘lucky’ people remain alive beyond what you’d expect. His equations made his relatives, Sir Moses Montefiore and Nathan Mayer Rothschild, owners of the Alliance Insurance Company, a lot of money. What Gompertz could not have known, but would have appreciated, is that most organisms obey his law…” –p69– “Maintaining proteostasis, preventing deregulation of nutrient sensing, thwarting mitochondrial dysfunction, stopping senescence, rejuvenating stem cells, and decreasing inflammation might all be ways to delay the inevitable. Indeed, I work with students, postdocs, and companies around the globe that are developing solutions to each one of these hallmarks… Anything we can do…we should do…. Together we can build a single dam– at the source. Not just intervene when things go wrong. Not just slow things down. We can eliminate the symptoms of aging altogether.” –p84– “The discovery of the molecules I have described [in Lifespan] can be credited to a lot of serendipity. But imagine what the world will discover now that we’re actively and intentionally looking for molecules that engage our inbuilt defenses. Armies of chemists are now working to create and analyze natural and synthetic molecules that have the potential to be even better at suppressing epignomic noise and resetting our epigenetic landscape. There are hundreds of compounds… and hundreds of thousands more that are waiting to be researched. And it’s very possible that there is an as-yet-undiscovered chemical out there, hiding in a microorganism… And that’s just the natural chemicals, which are typically many times less effective than the synthetic drugs they inspire… It will take some time to sort out which of these molecules is best, when, and for whom. But we’re getting closer every day.” –p145.
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Armies of chemists, and chemists with armies
So, there’s DARPA. How ‘bout them? For years now, maybe decades, they’ve had this Tobacco Mosaic Virus vaccine. In 2012 we were told by DARPA that “this green goo might save your life”. Look up TMV in Wikipedia and you can sample the technologic wonder of what I’d call “nature’s carbon nanotube” and more. It’s particles can unwrap and rewrap into any ‘viral’ shape. This is really my purpose in posting Born Old: babies ‘born with TMV’. Before year 2000, nobody doing mainstream biomedicine research seems to have looked for it inside human beings, but what if it’s always been there and the “stress chemical” prospectors found it? What if it’s part of the ‘junk’ stacked on the tips of our chromosomes, masquerading as noncoding long repeats but really some remarkable human/plant relic that’s kept us alive by supporting creation of the other ‘stress chemicals’ ? What if TMV is the actual origin of the semi-fictitious “LINE-1 virus” that Sinclair speculates as infecting us all? Could TMV be the Alpha-Omega “We-Are-As-God—Rule-Of-The-Rod” answer to the immortal question?
I’m asking, I’m looking and I’ll keep you posted when there’s more to come. Army of one.
“The clinical observation that the human newborn infant is uniquely susceptible to certain viral, fungal, protozoan, and bacterial infections has suggested that neonates may have impaired cell-mediated immune function…” https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/64/5/822
—cell-mediated immunity, called ‘Th1’ or ‘T1’ immunity, is individually acquired beginning at birth and develops through “training” by challenge. The secondary mechanism is called ‘Th2’ and involves the production of antibodies, normally transferred to infants from their mothers and provided by breastmilk until weaned. Vaccines disruptively over-induce the T2 antibody mechanisms at the cost of T1 cell-system development.
“In those first few months, the immune system — especially cell-mediatedimmunity — becomes more developed. This is very important in helping a child fight off viruses.”…(BUT, here’s the warning, they recommend that “Keeping your infant up-to-date with vaccines is critical”) https://health.clevelandclinic.org/is-your-newborn-babys-immune-system-strong-enough/ –this is an ‘aligned’ military-medical-pharmaceutical industry entity.
…and it doesn’t stop them from experimenting with publicly administered vaccines.
2019 testimony statement by Dr. Meryl Nass: “Getting a vaccine approved for use during pregnancy is the newest Pharma gold rush. This despite evidence [16][17] (which CDC disputes) that flu vaccine is associated with a doubling of miscarriage rates, and evidence that anthrax vaccine increases the miscarriage rate.[18]Neither flu nor Tdap vaccines were tested and approved by FDA for use in pregnancy.” https://merylnassmd.com/my-testimony-on-legislation-to-remove_4/
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Progeria, the ‘single-point’ mutation disease, is not inherited.
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David A. Sinclair, author of Lifespan, began his rise in research studying Werner’s Disease, which causes rapid aging in early middle age –“average age at death is 46”. Werner’s is associated with chromosome 8.
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Chlamydia, a microorganism associated with chronic asthma, is an NAD-sucking parasite.
“The assessment is that Chlamydiae or Chlamydiae-like organisms should be considered as a leading candidate for investigation in the Morgellon’s pursuit as well as in the investigation of the aerosol operations. A more detailed analysis of the rationale behind that assessment will be provided in another paper, Agents of Infection as time and circumstance permit…” https://www.transitieweb.nl/mirror-carnicom-institute/and-now-our-children/index.html
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Jan 2021 – Abstract “The gut microbiome plays an important role in early life, protecting newborns from enteric pathogens, promoting immune system development and providing key functions to the infant host. Currently, there are limited data to broadly assess the status of the US healthy infant gut microbiome. To address this gap, we performed a multi-state metagenomic survey and found high levels of bacteria associated with enteric inflammation (e.g. Escherichia, Klebsiella), antibiotic resistance genes, and signatures of dysbiosis, independent of location, age, and diet. Bifidobacterium were less abundant than generally expected and the species identified, including B. breve, B. longum and B. bifidum, had limited genetic capacity to metabolize human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), while B. infantis strains with a complete capacity for HMOs utilization were found to be exceptionally rare. Considering microbiome composition and functional capacity, this survey revealed a previously unappreciated dysbiosis that is widespread in the contemporary US infant gut microbiome.” https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-80583-9
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[excerpt, 2015]
The Gut Microbiome’s Role in Asthma
The search for answers in the medical mystery around the recent increase in asthma prevalence, especially for children up to age four, has led researchers to consider changes in the gut and airway microbiome as a contributing environmental factor in the development of this treatable, but uncomfortable, condition.
Susan Lynch and Kei E. Fujimura of the University of California San Francisco present the latest research in mice exploring this relationship, especially how specific types of bacteria alter the presence of different immune cells. Though still an emerging body of work, they believe it is evidence that manipulation of the airway/gut microbiome at an early age could lead to new strategies to prevent or manage asthma.” https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/05/150513125126.htm
SARS, as in SARS-CoV2, and the invented vaccines inducing it should stand for Severe AgingResponse Syndrome, in that all sequelae appear to relate to a rapid depletion of a most necessary nutrient: NAD+, a metabolic ‘redox’ driver that makes 500 or more essential enzymes. In the previous post ‘Grab Your NADS,’ I quote the ‘longevity’ researcher David A. Sinclair as saying “Without any NAD we’d be dead in thirty seconds.”
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An example of vaccine-induced ”aging meltdown” in a young person:
“Whatsherface” posts the morbid adverse reaction of a 12-year-old to Morderna’s mRNA –caught by Max Igan at the Crowhouse, April 29 https://www.bitchute.com/video/JsCu2uAFcQiP/
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Covid, which I’m not suggesting is a virus disease, is an accelerator, like your gas pedal, driving the speed of your vehicle from 10mph (or your current age in mph)to over 100 and getting stuck there! –‘Gone in Thirty Seconds’, huh?!
The biological havoc causes the regulators called sirtuins (which are ‘silent information regulators’) to rally to the damage areas, which is normally a different and temporary ‘repair’ job for sirtuins, which are designed to go back and ‘silence’ the genes they came from—if they ever make it back.
Cutting to the chase, I’ll re-post a three paragraph quote from Sinclair where he comments on the epigenomic, or gene expression, ‘information theory” of aging:
“If the information theory is correct –that aging is caused by overworked epigenetic signalers responding to cellular insult and damage—it doesn’t so much matter where the damage occurs. What matters is that it is being damaged and that sirtuins are rushing all over the place to address that damage, leaving their typical responsibilities and sometimes returning [after repairs] to other places along the genome where they are silencing genes that aren’t supposed to be silenced…
“It’s not hard to intentionally break DNA [to prove it]… You can do it with chemotherapy. You can do it with X-rays. (p48).”
[They can do it with vaccines!]
…”[In mice] we’d simply broken the mice’s DNA…and forced the cell to paste, or ‘ligate,’ them back together… Those breaks had induced a sirtuin response…[and] their absence from their normal duties and presence on other parts of the genome altered the ways in which lots of genes were being expressed at the wrong time… The digital [DNA] code…was the same as it has always been. But the analog [epigenetic] machine built to read that code was able to pick up only bits and pieces of the data. (p50).
…”Here’s the vital takeaway: we could age mice without affecting any of the most commonly assumed causes of aging. We hadn’t made their cells mutate. We hadn’t touched their telomeres. We hadn’t messed with their mitochondria…[or] exhausted their stem cells…[A]ll the symptoms of aging…were being caused…by the epigenetic changes that come as a result of DNA damage signals. We hadn’t given the mice all of those ailments. We had given them aging. And if you can give something, you can take it away.” –p52, Lifespan, by David A. Sinclair, 2019, Thorsons/HarperCollins publisher.
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Here’s a paper from David Sinclair about sirtuins:
“Mammalian sirtuins are NAD+-dependent deacylases with a huge range of roles in transcription regulation, energy metabolism modulation, cell survival, DNA repair, inflammation, and circadian rhythm regulation…”
I’m skipping all the biochemistry details in this post, but you can find just about every accelerated ailment in covid/vaccine reactions mentioned as sirtuin regulated; blood flow, pressure, immune surveillance, T-and-B cell activity, etc., etc., ETC.
Survival may be dependent on how well you grab your NADs.
Around 1960 or so, the United States launched its first global spy satellite system and called it ARS for Advanced Reconnaissance System, a name changed soon after to ‘Corona’ –you can call it a (S)atellite Advanced Recon.System/Corona or “SARS-Corona” ‘fyou like and read about it in Atomic Oswald Three. Later on, in 2009, I heard about the satellite-based GEIS program, for Global Emerging Infections Surveillance which I speculate was not a space-based ‘watcher’ but a ‘driver’. These articles are listed in the Blog Index.
The ARS ‘name’ can be reckoned to Acute Respiratory Syndrome, which was the illness that came along in 2003 when they added ‘Severe’.
The significance of “name-tracking,” I believe, is not just symbolic but may be a unifying thread no matter where-in-time the name comes. The program ‘name’ can appear even decades before the ‘event’ which connects them. For example, the new 5G ‘StarLink’ satellite has a naming forebear applied to GMO corn –the ‘StarLink’ Bt corn that was recalled some 20 years ago. Pretty weird name for corn, dontcha think?
In chronological order of underrated bio-catastrophes, the StarLink fiasco was followed by SARS.
“Jun 28, 2017 · The controversy began when traces of DNA from StarLink corn were found in taco shells and other corn related products. Although there are several varieties of Bt corns in the market, StarLink was illegal in human food. It was only approved for animal feed…”
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On the face of it, StarLink Bt genes in human food products, some 300 of them, were loudly ‘recalled’ in 2000, but like other transgenes, they persist by expanding their environment and jumping species. According to Wikipedia, StarLink was found in Saudi Arabia in 2013 and surely needs an update. Today, the Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria (Bt) among others that carry it are known to cause sub-chronic lung infection and leaky gut syndrome: “ Bt’s aggressive mechanism harms the digestive system by effectively attacking normal gut cells thereby burning holes in the intestines.” https://dreddymd.com/2017/03/26/what-is-the-bt-toxin/
Bt toxins are a particular burden in foods that kids enjoy: milk, ice cream, cereal, pasta, potatoes and more. Claire Hope Cummings wrote in her 2008 book Uncertain Peril, “Worse, the National Research Council says that ‘the evolution of resistance to Bt crops is inevitable’…In itself, gene flow is not necessarily harmful. What matters is the kind of molecule that’s moving around, where it goes, and how it behaves once it gets there. When transgenes used to modify one plant move into another plant, they can become unstable and behave unpredictably. When natural genes do this, they are governed by biological rules that …developed over millennia to deal with gene flow and to keep species separate… Genetic engineering by definition overcomes these rules…[and] is the very essence of invasiveness, by design.” –pp31-34, Uncertain Peril
UnSIRTain perils, if you like my spelling, are rapid aging and disease, long known to be caused by radiation/RF/EMF. Look at the two agencies that funded SARS research: NIAID (Fauci’s fiefdom) and the National Institute of Aging.
I’m going to unwind some of this “gain-of-function” information about the spike protein mentioned by Dr. Fleming in his interview –so stand by and come back in a few days if you care to. The doctors Fleming mentions, Ralph Baric and Peter Daszak, are in my ‘virus’ wheelhouse with their research ‘interests’ such as Norwalk Virus (Baric’s specialty–“the most common cause of gastroenteritis” with symptoms of vomiting and diarrhea), and Daszak’s West Nile and Foot and Mouth Viruses. These are all poliovirus-like pathogens found in the gut, which instinct tells me have everything to do with enterotoxins like the Bt ‘insecticide’genes, the frequency signals coming off systems like GEIS and StarLink, and the epidemic occurrence of flu (polio).
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Shocker: Why is this substance in the Moderna COVID vaccine?
by Jon Rappoport
May 19, 2021
…” It’s called SM-102… [The] data sheet lists the effects of SM-102. Here is the opening note: ‘For research use only, not for human or veterinary use.’ …Then the safety data sheet lights up with adverse effects/warnings re SM-102. For example: ‘Suspected of causing cancer. Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child. Causes damage to the central nervous system, the kidneys, the liver and the respiratory system through prolonged or repeated exposure. Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects.’ “ https://blog.nomorefakenews.com/2021/05/19/shocker-why-is-this-substance-in-the-moderna-covid-vaccine/
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Added May 22:
Now, this SM-102 substance is relevant in any amount placed in the context of this “water memory” video from 2014 showing Dr. Luc Montagnier following through on earlier experiments about the ability of water molecules to carry and transmit DNA signals into the surrounding environment –literally to transmit specific frequencies of unique DNA and other molecules through the fluid substrate. Montagnier was a Nobel Prize winner for ‘discovering’ HIV –and the documentation presented by Dr.Fleming is proof of the claim having HIV inserted into the SARS-CoV-2 spike. HIV/AIDS we all remember, induced wasting and ‘rapid aging’ on the sufferer. Dr. Nancy Banks discussed the ‘oxidative’ and ‘nitrosative’ stress disorder in AIDS patients as a ‘redox’ dysfunction and we witnessed in AIDS a kind of ‘aging meltdown’.
“Water Memory” transmission theory, video featuring Luc Montagnier
In this program, Montagnier recreates a 2005 HIV water ‘dilution’ experiment where the very fine-tune signals of HIV are detectable after multiple dilutions in water to the point of no DNA being present in the water samples. A second laboratory, far away in Italy, receives the digital signal ‘file’ of the samples, sent by internet, and exposes fresh water to the signal “music” of HIV in order to reconstitute the genetic structure of the HIV –they succeed to 98% accuracy. “This is a turning point in biology” says an Italian colleague. “Unbelievable” says another. At minute 46, Montagnier recaps with “Everything started with the measure of the electromagnetic signals as we found at the beginning [and] contrary to many other diseases, [there were] two types of signals coming from HIV-infected patients. We know the virus is there but now [2014] we’re conducting research on the bacteria—we’re trying to identify the origin of these [other] signals…as we could possibly get rid of the bacteria more easily than the HIV virus itself. That could be a means of stopping the epidemic [of AIDS]”… [He] has found a bacteria that he thinks is the co-factor [in ‘red’ cells– blood]… [and if he could cure someone of AIDS, says Montagnier], “I would be in heaven, swimming with angels.”
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Dr. Fleming’s expertise as a cardiologist would be the body’s fluid systems (water, blood, electrolytes, cytosol, secretions, etc) and the NAD-dependent angiotensin hormone that regulates them with the angiotensin-converting enzymes –the ACE(2)—receptor domains in this COVID-infiltration crime. His specialty as an MD is cofactoring the virus and bacteria in our fluids.
“The water [memory] theory…talks about signals” says the Montagnier video narration [min 31] and so does longevity researcher David Sinclair [“DNA damage signals”] and we are are very close to admission of treatment by signals alone. The CIA crossed this bridge around the time of ARS-Corona satellites, finding similitude of frequencies to mind-altering drugs.
I would urge you to read ‘EMF Killing Fields’ on the blog –it’s never been more applicable than now. https://jenniferlake.wordpress.com/2012/06/21/emf-killing-fields/ We have the Corona satellites in place in 1964 when along came a ‘new’ virus– though everyone said it was influenza– which was given the name ‘coronavirus’ by David Tyrrell from the UK head of the “Common Cold” unit out of the University of London. Peter Daszak, zoologist and president of EcoHealth Alliance, hails from the same alma mater and so did the core of ‘crystallographers’ who discovered the structure of viral DNA (from tobacco mosaic virus) in the ’50s (Rosalind Franklin’s group, in Planting Viruses). EcoHealth Alliance, says Dr. Feming, “is NIH and the CIA.”
Biology practice went ‘quantum’ in the early 1960s.
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Adding….5/23
The DNA-busters are all around you, transmitting the signals of damage—the ‘blueprints’ are signals. It explains the cellular mayhem which occurs on contact, like misfolding proteins and ‘arrested development’ from sirtuin displacement, causing among other problems, senescent [‘old’] cells which stop replicating to avoid passing on mutations. This is cell ‘protection’ mode which Bruce Lipton teaches is the counterbalance to ‘growth’, the two modes that can’t occur at the same time. Chemical and radiation exposures in utero can result in babies born old (or not born at all) and, as David Sinclair might say, with the disease of aging.
Welcome to the Telecosm.
In this one minute video transcribed here, Dr. Pierre Gilbert was filmed in 1995 making the statement that ,”In biological destruction there are organized tempests on the magnetic fields. What will follow is the contamination of the bloodstreams of mankind, creating intentional infections. And [the] vaccines will make [it] possible to control people. The vaccines will have liquid crystals that will become hosted in the brain cells which will become micro-receivers of electromagnetic fields where waves of very very low frequencies will be sent. And through these low frequency waves people will be unable to think—you’ll be turned into a zombie. Don’t think of this as an hypothesis… this has been done. Think of Ruanda.” https://www.bitchute.com/video/g2UOYbt5D62H/
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The Last Mile
In telecom-speak, ‘the last mile’ is the hard-to-reach but ultimate goal of transmitting signal to every surface and person on the planet. Having entered our public technical phraseology sometime in the 1990s, I suggested on this blog after reading George Gilder’s 2000 book ‘Telecosm,’ that the last mile is you. Now, with COVID upon us, I think I can describe it—the ‘comment’ section will be used to further this exploratory definition. Meanwhile, some intriguing questions arise from possibilities in ‘water memory’, like using the fluid medium to create and manufacture ‘de novo’ genes and proteins by “playing the music” of digital microbes.
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UPDATES to the timeline below should include the 1996 establishment of GEIS, the Global Emerging Infections Surveillance program. More updates will go in the rolling comments.
From EMF Killing Fields:
This snip out of the timeline is beginning to tell a story:
1996
–Mad Cow disease is identified, caused by ‘prions’, farmer/scientist Mark Purdey files suit in the UK; originally called “bovine AIDS”
–Feb., US Congress passes the Telecommunications Act of 1996; prohibits local gov’ts and citizens from siting cell towers based on health and environment concerns http://www.stern.nyu.edu/networks/telco96.html
–May, Alzheimer’s world expert, Dr. Tsunao Saitoh, is murdered in La Jolla, California during broad daylight by ‘men in black’
“New York City’s Office of Emergency Management (OEM) was created in 1996 by Mayor Rudolph Giuliani to manage the city’s response to catastrophes, including terrorist attacks (see 1996). In the years preceding 9/11, it holds regular interagency training exercises… One exercise, which takes place in May 2001, is based on terrorists attacking New York with bubonic plague (see May 11, 2001)… OEM will be preparing for a bioterrorism exercise the morning of 9/11… http://thirdring.wordpress.com/ ( a blog about the anthrax attacks)
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Part of that story is told in “Blood Coltan…the precious metal in the heart of every mobile [phone] from the Congo” http://wideeyecinema.com/?p=842
Another part of the story has roots in the late 60s with the development of genetic recombination and the successful achievements of Paul Berg combining E.coli with the SV40 monkey virus “transgene”. SV40, an ingredient in mass-produced vaccines of the 50s and 60s along with HeLa cells, readily ‘expresses’ its genes under the influence of radiofrequency. The rapidly proliferating, gene-swapping E.coli are the most natural bacteria vector in the mammalian life-cycle.
In 1974, the Director of the NIH was one of the top “health physicists” in the country, Dr. Robert S. Stone of UCLA. Stone participated in the secret human plutonium injection experiments for the Manhattan Project (Atomic Energy Commission). In the early 70s, as the mobile-phone/cellular rollout was underway, NIH Director Stone penned this official note to a colleague: “…a year ago [1973] our concern was limited to only a few [genetically recombined] agents of importance to man, such as the infectious adenovirus 2-SV40 hybrids. In the past year, the technology for the production of autonomously replicating DNA recombinants has burgeoned, and we will have to be concerned not only with possible pathogens of human beings, but also..agents of agricultural and industrial importance…”http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/access/CDBBGK.pdf
NAD+, the oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide mentioned in the previous post as lacking in Covid patients, is a key molecule in cell respiration, known as ‘redox’ reactions in the electron transport chain. It works by grabbing electrons (becoming ‘reduced’) and transferring them to other molecules (becoming ‘oxidized’ again) in a cycle that activates and nourishes the all-important cell signal pathways.
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The NAD ‘group’ of molecules are classed as B vitamins – the ‘energy’ vitamins (B3, nicotinic acid, niacin, etc.)—but the more specific NAD+ could very well be in a class by itself. Regenerative medicine is homing in on NAD+ as an exciting field of study in anti-aging, immune health and cell defense.
NAD+ might make you smarter and may also put the ‘smart’ in nanodevices like biosensors and DNA computers which I don’t yet know as to whether these devices can parasitically rob you of your NAD+. Whatever the case, NAD+ deficiency has serious detrimental downstream effects that I’ve learned are associated with the ‘typical’ (and long) list of radiation exposure diseases.
For the moment, I’ll quote some bioresearch documents on NAD+ and say that this post is going to be accumulative.
Research:
“Numerous studies have indicated that four interacting factors, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial alterations, calcium dyshomeostasis and inflammation, play crucial pathological roles in multiple major neurological diseases, including stroke, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Increasing evidence has also indicated that NAD(+) plays important roles in not only mitochondrial functions and energy metabolism, but also calcium homeostasis and inflammation.”
“Increasing evidence has indicated critical roles of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, oxidized form (NAD+) in various biological functions. NAD+ deficiency has been found in models of a number of diseases such as cerebral ischemia, myocardial ischemia, and diabetes, and in models of aging. Applications of NAD+ or other approaches that can restore NAD+ levels are highly protective in these models of diseases and aging. NAD+ produces its beneficial effects by targeting at multiple pathological pathways, including attenuating mitochondrial alterations, DNA damage, and oxidative stress, by modulating such enzymes as sirtuins, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and AP endonuclease. These findings have suggested great therapeutic and nutritional potential of NAD+ for diseases and senescence.” https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29295624/
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Are nanodevices parasitizng your ‘redox’ energy? Read this– “Confessions of an Engineered Nanoparticle”
According to David A. Sinclair, PhD, in his 2019 book “Lifespan”, humans and other lifeforms have two modes of generating the necessary information that sustains life; one being the DNA/RNA ‘digital’ encoding of genomes (genetic) and the other being the heritable ‘analog’ activity of metabolism (epigenetic). He writes that “Unlike digital, analog information degrades over time—falling victim to the conspiring forces of magnetic fields, gravity, cosmic rays, and oxygen. Worse still, information is lost as it’s copied… [But]…As cloning beautifully proves, our cells retain their youthful digital information even when we are old.” As Sinclair describes it, “The Information Theory of Aging starts with the primordial survival circuit we inherited from our distant ancestors. Over time, as you might expect, the circuit has evolved… Scientists have found more than two dozen [survival circuits] within our genome. Most of my colleagues call these ‘longevity genes’… But these genes don’t just make life longer, they make it healthier, which is why they can also be thought of as ‘vitality genes.’ Together, these genes form a surveillance network within our bodies, communicating with one another between cells and between organs by releasing proteins and chemicals into the bloodstream, monitoring and responding to what we eat, how much we exercise, and what time of day it is… And now that we know [about] these genes…, scientific discovery has given us an opportunity to explore and exploit them… [u]sing molecules both natural and novel, using technology both simple and complex… we can read them, turn them up and down, and even change them altogether.
“The longevity genes I work on are called ‘sirtuins,’ named after the yeast SIR2 gene, the first one to be discovered. There are seven sirtuins in mammals, SIRT1 to SIRT7, and they are made by almost every cell in the body… [S]irtuins are enzymes that remove acetyl tags from histones and other proteins and, by doing so, change the packaging of the DNA, turning genes off and on when needed. These critical epigenetic regulators sit at the very top of cellular control systems, controlling our reproduction and our DNA repair. After a few billion years of advancement since the days of yeast, they have evolved to control our health, our fitness, and our very survival. They have also evolved to require a molecule called nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, or NAD… [The] loss of NAD as we age, and the resulting decline in sirtuin activity, is thought to be a primary reason our bodies develop diseases when we are old but not when we are young.
“Trading reproduction for repair, the sirtuins order our bodies to ‘buckle down’ in times of stress and protect us against the major diseases of aging: diabetes and heart disease, Alzheimer’s disease and osteoporosis, even cancer. They mute the chronic, overactive inflammation that drives diseases such as atherosclerosis, metabolic disorders, ulcerative colitis, arthritis and asthma. They prevent cell death and boost mitochondria, the power packs of the cell. They go to battle with muscle wasting, osteoporosis, and macular degeneration. In studies on mice, activating the sirtuins can improve DNA repair, boost memory, increase exercise endurance, and help the mice stay thin, regardless of what they eat. These are not wild guesses as to their power; scientists have established all this… And in no small measure, because [NAD+dependent] sirtuins do all of this based on a rather simple program—the wondrous gene B in the survival circuit—they’re turning out to be more amenable to manipulation than many other longevity genes. They are, it would appear…the key to understanding how our genetic material protects itself during times of adversity, allowing life to persist and thrive for billions of years.” —pp22-25, Lifespan, by David A. Sinclair, 2019
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Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Reveals the Deregulation of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Metabolism and CD38 in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
[April 2019]…”In the current study… proteomic differences between intestinal tissue from health controls, patients with Crohn’s disease (CD), and patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) were compared… When proteins with fold change >1.2 or <0.84 and P value < 0.05 between groups were considered differentially expressed, the expression of 10 proteins, including CD38, involved in the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) metabolism and signaling pathway showed significant changes in IBD. Using the NCBI GEO database, we confirmed increased CD38 mRNA expression in patients with UC and in mouse colitis models. Protein CD38 expression was higher in CD and UC than in normal controls. CD38 expression was higher in inflamed tissues than in noninflamed tissues, and CD38 was located in F4/80-positive cells. Our study may provide novel insights into the molecular pathogenesis of IBD. Further studies are required on the role of NAD metabolism and CD38 in intestinal inflammation.” https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31179321/
“…The pyridine dinucleotide, NAD+, is a substrate of sirtuins and coenzyme for hydride transfer enzymes and other NAD+-dependent ADP ribose transfer enzymes. It is a unique cellular molecule produced from the pyridine mononucleotides nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN) or nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN)”
“Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD<sup>+</sup>) is an essential redox cofactor and signaling molecule that controls the activity of enzymes involved in metabolism, DNA repair, and cellular survival, such as the PARPs, CD38, and the sirtuins. Here, we describe three methods for measuring the activity of these enzymes: the etheno-NAD+ assay measures NAD+ hydrolase activity using an NAD+ analog to produce a fluorescent product that is measured in real time; the PNC1 assay converts a native product of NAD+ hydrolysis, nicotinamide, into a quantitative fluorescent readout; and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is used to characterize the entire NAD+ metabolome in a sample. These methods will enable new insights into the roles that NAD+ and the enzymes that utilize it play in health and disease.”
Researchers have learned that NAD deficiency corresponds to increased ‘CD38’:
“CD38 (cluster of differentiation 38), also known as cyclic ADP ribose hydrolase is a glycoprotein found on the surface of many immune cells (white blood cells), including CD4+, CD8+, B lymphocytes and natural killer cells. CD38 also functions in cell adhesion, signal transduction and calcium signaling… CD38 is most frequently found on plasma B cells, followed by natural killer cells, followed by B cells and T cells, and then followed by a variety of cell types… [It was] discovered to be not simply a marker of cell types, but an activator of B cells and T cells…[and] can function either as a receptor or as an enzyme. As a receptor, CD38 can attach to CD31 on the surface of T cells, thereby activating those cells to produce a variety of cytokines… The CD38 protein is a marker of cell activation. It has been connected to HIV infection, leukemias, myelomas,[28] solid tumors, type II diabetes mellitus and bone metabolism, as well as some genetically determined conditions. CD38 increases airway contractility hyperresponsiveness, is increased in the lungs of asthmatic patients, and amplifies the inflammatory response of airway smooth muscle of those patients. ” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD38
“In 2002, antioxidants were all the rage. They might not have been the antiaging and health panaceas some believed them to be, but that wasn’t yet known. One of [those] antioxidants…was resveratrol, a natural molecule that is found in red wine and that many pants produce in times of stress… [Konrad] Howitz and I were fascinated by the fact that resveratrol is produced in greater quantities by grapes…experiencing stress. We aso knew that many other health-promoting molecules, and chemical derivatives of them, are produced in abundance by stressed plants; we get resveratrol from grapes, aspirin from willow bark, metformin form [‘French’] lilacs, epigallocatechin gallate from green tea, quercetin from fruits, and allicin from garlic. This, we believe, is evidence of xenohormesis –the idea that stressed plants produce chemicals for themselves that tell their cells to hunker down and survive… What this means, if it’s true, is that when we search for new drugs from the natural world we should be searching the stressed-out ones; in stressed plants, in stressed fungi, and even in the stressed microbiome populations in our guts. The theory is also relevant to the foods we eat; plants that are stressed have higher concentrations of xenohormetic molecules that may help us… Look for the most highly colored ones because xenohormetic molecules are often yellow, red, orange, or blue. One added benefit: they tend to taste better… –pp130-131, Lifespan
“As it turned out, resveratrol wasn’t very potent and wasn’t very soluble in the human gut… [But] By studying resveratrol, we also learned that it is possible to activate sirtuins with a chemical. This prompted a flood of research into other sirtuin-activating compounds called STACs that are many times more potent than resveratrol… There are today hundreds of chemicals that have been demonstrated to have an effect on sirtuins… NAD, sometimes written as NAD+…has an advantage over other STACs because it boosts the activity of all seven [human] sirtuins… And because NAD is used by over five hundred different enzymes, without any NAD, we’d be dead in thirty seconds.” –pp133-134, Lifespan
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The Deep COVID Agenda Emerging….
At this point, the NAD subject is going to diverge. I’ll make a sequel about Boosting Your NADs, but for now, I’m going to pursue the questions already arisen from the ‘nanodevice’ proposition above and the extension of work from prior posts; Making and Faking Viruses and the series-in-progress Planting Viruses From Plants! – all linked here https://jenniferlake.wordpress.com/2021/02/03/making-and-faking-viruses/
Zombie Apocalypse
Dr. Sinclair advances his explanation of NAD-dependent sirtuins and anti-aging as a measure of how well our bodies eliminate “senescent cells”—old cells that live on past their ‘Hayflick Limit’ or are simply turned off and do not reproduce by division. He writes,
“Small numbers of senescent cells can cause widespread havoc. Even though they stop dividing, they continue to release tiny proteins called cytokines that cause inflammation and attract immune cells called macrophages that then attack the tissue. Being chronically inflamed is unhealthy: just ask someone with multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, or psoriasis. All these diseases are associated with excess cytokine proteins. Inflammation is also a driving force in heart disease, diabetes and dememtia. It is so central to the development of age-related diseases that scientists often refer to the process as ‘inflammaging.’ And cytokines don’t just cause inflammation: they cause other cells to become zombies, like a biological apocalypse. When this happens, they can even stimulate surrounding cells to become a tumor and spread. We already know that destroying senescent cells in mice can give them substantially healthier and significantly longer lives. (–p150) Cellular senescence is a consequence of our inherited primordial survival circuits which evolved to stop cell division and reproduction when DNA breaks were detected… [and] if DNA breaks happen too frequently or they overwhelm the circuit, human cells will stop dividing, then sit there in a panic trying to repair the damage, messing up their epigenome and secreting cytokines… Senescent cells, after all, don’t divide which means that cells with mutations aren’t able to spread and form tumors…
“This is where ‘antagonistic pleiotropy’ comes into play: the idea that a survival mechanism that is good for us when we are young is kept…[in spite of] any problems it might cause when we get older… So we live longer [now] –and evolution hasn’t had a chance to catch up. We’re plagued by senescent cells, which might as well be radioactive waste. If you put a tiny dab of these cells under a young mouse’s skin, it won’t be long before inflammation spreads and the entire mouse is filled with zombie cells that can cause premature signs [and diseases] of aging.” –pp152-153.
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‘Virus drugs’ and ‘stress chemicals’
Sinclair’s ‘Lifespan’ moves on from zombie cells to ‘telomeres,’ the DNA repeats on the ends of chromosomes that shorten and become exposed and ‘frayed’ over damaging time.
He writes,”The selfish genes…called LINE-1 retrotransposons, and their fossil remnants, make up about half of the human genome, what is often referred to as ‘junk DNA.’ It’s a lot of genetic baggage… In young cells, these ancient ‘mobile DNA elements’ also known as retrotransposons are prevented by chromatin from jumping out of the genome, then breaking DNA to reinsert themselves elsewhere. We and others have shown that LINE-1 genes are bundled up and rendered silent by sirtuins. But as mice age, and possibly as we do as well, these sirtuins become scattered all over the genome, having been recruited away to repair DNA breaks elsewhere, and many of them never find their way home. This loss is exacerbated by a drop in NAD levels… Without sirtuin to spool the chromatin and silence the transposon DNA, cells start to transcribe these endogenous viruses. This is bad. And it only gets worse.”—pp154-155
Endogenous viruses? From your own traveling DNA? Indeed. Finally, a flat and straightforward statement from the ‘lab’. The ‘viruses’ inside you come from your own disintegrating DNA, the “retrotransposons” we call retroviruses, and were called “jumping genes” by their discoverer Barbara McClintock in the 1920s after examining X-irradiated corn plants. In a continuous flow from the paragraph above, David Sinclair writes:
“Over time, as the mice age, the once silent LINE-1 prisoners [held by telomeres] are turned into RNA and the RNA is turned [transcribed] into DNA which is reinserted into the genome at a different place. Besides creating genome instability and epigenomic noise that causes inflammation, LINE-1 DNA leaks from the nucleus into the cytoplasm where it is recognized as a foreign invader. In response, the cells reease even more immunostimulatory cytokines that cause inflammation throughout the body… Convincing evidence has come from experiments showing that antiretrovirals, the same kinds used to fight HIV, extend the lifespan of SIRT6 [knockout] mice about twofold. It may turn out that, as NAD levels decline… sirtuins are rendered unable to silence retrotransposon DNA. Perhaps one day, safe antiretroviral drugs or NAD boosters will be used to keep these jumping genes silent… [before] total anarchy ensues… In 2018, scientists at Stanford University reported that they had developed an inoculation… with stem cells…” –p155
“What if we could reset the aging clock and prevent cells from ever losing their identity and becoming senescent in the first place?… Yes, the solution to aging could be cellular reprogramming, a resetting of the landscape… The DNA blueprint to be young, after all, is always there even when we are old… (–p158). The implications of these experiments are profound. What they show is that aging can be reset.” (–p161) …I predict, and my students are now showing in the lab, that we can use [genetic]…switches not just to reset our cells in petri dishes but to reset an entire body’s epigenetic landscape…sending sirtuins back to where they came from, for instance. Cells that have lost their identity during aging can be led back to their true selves… We are making progress every week…by delivering reprogramming factors. The pace of discovery is mind spinning.” –164
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Payload- carrying virus –like your ‘virus’—has long been the treatment of choice and also constitutes the ‘future treatment’ of David Sinclair’s anti-aging cure. During the 1990s, the poliovirus was rigorously experimented with as a delivery vehicle, but often resulted in cancer, cells with lost identity – Oops. It turned out that poliovirus existed on the margin of “error catastrophe,” able and likely to mutate out of existence because of its very small genome: That is, unless the poliovirus is continuously injected. One fork-in-the-road for poliovirus research has been to recreate it from lab chemicals and override its potential genomic instability, accomplished by Eckard Wimmer and published in 2003—at just the time of the appearance of a much larger genome virus, SARS, now taking its own forks. And here’s some ‘news’: The poliovirus is identical to several small plant viruses that might typically pass through your gut and was originally obtained for vaccines from human feces. More news: “plant viruses don’t exist as such” –so, are they better termed as “stress chemicals”?
I was taught in nursing school that a ‘pathogen’ was simply a microbe out of place. What’s a ‘microbe’?– just a bunch of molecules that stick together. Don’t be fooled by jargon.
Chromatin is a precious structural element that provides a ‘slinky’-like coil shape to DNA, allowing it to become a spooled ‘coiled coil’. Wikipedia shows two images of chromatin; the twisted “30 nanometer fiber” of a chromatin segment and the stacked tube formation of chromatin fibers that link together.
Stacked chromatin ‘linkers’ looks like this top row. The bottom row shows cross-section ‘discs’
Shape-wise, and shape matters, a chromatin tube is a match for a familiar plant ‘virus’ called Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) and its extended family of rod-shaped viruses. TMV is the first discovered virus in viral history (which was then only a fluid extract) and among the most investigated—considered the model ‘type species’ of rod-shape crystals infecting many hundreds of common food plants. It is also the principal ‘stress chemical’ subject in the Planting Viruses series.
In a novel 1957 experiment by Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat at UCBerkeley, TMV was dissolved and reconstituted under a microscope, producing ‘shorter’ rods –very similar, I think, to shorter telomeres which are markers of aging and associated in this work to a deficiency of NAD. Most interesting perhaps is that commercial niacin, our vitamin B3 ‘supplement,’ was historically and may still be derived from tobacco. Tobacco makes NAD and then NAD’s derivative, niacin, is turned back into NAD when we eat it. See? Is the extract niacin as nutritionally good as the original tobacco NAD+ ? Is it better to just eat tobacco? It’s a good question worth pursuit, and so is asking if chromatin and TMV are the same. If so, the ‘structural’ TMV could be the carrier of life-giving NAD and might supply an answer to the hydrogel fiber phenomenon known in this blog as “TMV-PVP.” The experimental combination of the chromatin-like Tobacco Mosaic Virus and the substance called polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) coagulates into a “branched hollow fiber” resembling blood vessels that grow. Back in 2012, I found this substance while looking for possible sources of Morgellon’s extrusions. TMV-doped PVP looks identical to some of the Morgellon’s specimens I’ve seen– written up here (see the blog index) as ‘Morgification.’ To my horror, PVP is used extensively as a filler and food additive. The TMV-PVP combo seems to have a life of its own. An NAD-dependent life.
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TMV graphic above as both discs and stacked tube, showing the ‘skirt’ of proteins that decorate the helical core.
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March 2010 — “Branched hollow fibers are common in nature, but to form artificial fibers with a similar branched hollow structure is still a challenge. We discovered that polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) could self-assemble into branched hollow fibers in an aqueous solution after aging the PVP…. Our work suggests that the self-assembly of the PVP molecules in the solution can serve as a general method for directing the formation of branched hollow inorganic fibers. The branched hollow fibers may find potential applications in microfluidics, artificial blood vessel generation, and tissue engineering.” http://europepmc.org/article/PMC/2844465
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*This ‘search clip’ below, offered at face value, is an indicator of nanomaterials from TMV-PVP
“Thus, a precursor solution with a ratio of [PVP]/ composite 30%TMV-His6 mutant (30% His6CP/70% wt CP) [Zn2+]/[TEAOH] = 1:1.3:2.8 and final concentrations of [Zn2+] = are known to bind mono- and divalent metal ions.29 These 11.4 mM, [PVP] = 8.6 mM, and [TEAOH] = 24.3 mM were obtained. “
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3 images of the same ‘Morgellons’ extrusion over time on the back of a persons upper arm. Is this an artificial NAD-dependent lifeform? The person who suffers this disorder reports chronic and crushing fatigue. These pictures are presented in the program ‘From Chemtrails to Pseudo-life, Part 2, Living in the Manhattan Project’ by Sofia Smallstorm.
So, what about ‘viruses’ in general –are they also NAD+dependent ‘lifeforms’ (better termed ‘stress chemicals’) responsible for the crushing fatigue of acute illness like flu and worse?
(Above) ‘rod and sphere’ electron microscope image of H5N1 influenza: We’re unaccustomed to seeing the rod-shape stack tubes of influenza, looking very much like Tobacco Mosaic Virus. Current EM images of viral infections show TMV-like rods all over the place. Most notably, a small but recent study ‘isolated’ TMV in stool from exclusively breast-fed infants under 4 weeks of age whose parents never handled tobacco but were agricultural workers. Sixteen other “plant viruses” similarly shaped (liked Pepper Mild Mottle Virus, PMMoV) were also found passing the gut of these newborns though they had never tasted anything other than mothers’ milk. Is this proof of conferred maternal immunity or actually proof that the so-called viruses are native particles of the human genome, loaded with NAD energy? Is NAD the ‘power’ of ‘viruses’, for good and ill?
(Above) Electron Micrograph of H7N9 influenza
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Which, what and where’s the flu virus? Are we really looking at viruses?
“In the same way that genetic information is stored as DNA, epigenetic information is stored in a structure called chromatin. DNA in the cell isn’t flailing around disorganized, it is wrapped around tiny balls of protein called histones. These beads on a string self-assemble to form loops, as when you tidy your garden hose…by looping it into a pile… If you could somehow plug one end of the DNA into a power socket and make the histones flash on and off, a few cells could do you for holiday lights… Epigenetic information is what orchestrates the assembly of a human newborn made up of 26 billion cells from a single fertilized egg and what allows the genetically identical cells in our bodies to assume thousands of different modalities. If the genome were a computer, the epigenome would be the software.” –p21, Lifespan
“A few recent studies have suggested that the so-called selfish genes we all carry in our genome, called LINE-1 elements, replicate and cause cellular havoc as we get older, accelerating our physical demise… Does it matter whether LINE-1 comes from your parents directly or via a virus? Would you want to eradicate LINE-1 from humanity or let it grow in your kids and inflict horrible diseases on them? Would you say that LINE-1 causes a disease or not?… Whether it’s a virus, a selfish DNA element, or simply the makeup of our cells that causes these health problems, what’s the difference? The end result is the same.” –p82, ibid.
Genes behaving badly seems to be Dr. Sinclair’s point in Lifespan. Despite the Human Genome Project announcement in 2003 that mapping was complete, he writes, “it really wasn’t. There were, in fact, huge gaps in the sequence… The parts of the genome that were missing, generally overlapping sections of repetitive nucleotides, were just not considered important. These were areas of the code…once derided as ‘junk DNA’ …[and]disregarded as ‘noncoding.’ From… the best minds in science at the time, those regions were little more than ghosts of genomes past, mostly remnants of dead hitchhiking viruses that had integrated into the genome hundreds of thousands of years ago… Yet by some estimates, that genetic dark matter accounts for as much as 69 percent of the total… [Since 2003, scientists have found thousands more genes, with some tiny ones] as short as 21 base pairs…[but] there’s something we still won’t be able to find. We won’t be able to find an aging gene…because our genes did not evolve to cause aging.” –pp27-28, Lifespan
–Read: “did not evolve to cause aging”or disease because in this mindset aging is disease leading to untimely death.
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He states: “If the information theory is correct –that aging is caused by overworked epigenetic signalers responding to cellular insult and damage—it doesn’t so much matter where the damage occurs. What matters is that it is being damaged and that sirtuins are rushing all over the place to address that damage, leaving their typical responsibilities and sometimes returning [after repairs] to other places along the genome where they are silencing genes that aren’t supposed to be silenced… It’s not hard to intentionally break DNA [to prove it]… You can do it with chemotherapy. You can do it with X-rays. (p48).
…”[In mice] we’d simply broken the mice’s DNA…and forced the cell to paste, or ‘ligate,’ them back together… Those breaks had induced a sirtuin response…[and] their absence from their normal duties and presence on other parts of the genome altered the ways in which lots of genes were being expressed at the wrong time… The digital code…was the same as it has always been. But the analog machine built to read that code was able to pick up only bits and pieces of the data. (p50).
…”Here’s the vital takeaway: we could age mice without affecting any of the most commonly assumed causes of aging. We hadn’t made their cells mutate. We hadn’t touched their telomeres. We hadn’t messed with their mitochondria…[or] exhausted their stem cells…[A]ll the symptoms of aging…were being caused…by the epigenetic changes that come as a result of DNA damage signals. We hadn’t given the mice all of those ailments. We had given them aging. And if you can give something, you can take it away.” –p52, Lifespan, by David A. Sinclair, 2019, Thorsons/HarperCollins publisher.
In this 2021 experiment to create ‘self-sufficient’ engineered cells, mutant E.coli use NAD to generate an ‘alternative’ redox circuit that substitutes the nucleobase cytosine (‘C’, and CTP) for adenine (‘A’, ATP), creating an NCD-dependent circuit, versus an NAD-dependent circuit, which the researchers anticipate as useful in synthetic biology. Their successful conclusion suggests,“This will be amenable to those on-going efforts using non-natural bases and non-natural amino acids to expand our capacity interms of understanding and reprograming life.”
They write: ”To facilitate NCD-linked redox chemistry in vivo, it is essential to realize NCD biosynthesis. In bacteria, nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN) adenylyltransferase (NaMNAT) catalyzes the condensation of ATP and NaMN to form nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (NaAD) (Fig. 1a), which is the key step for de novo NAD biosynthesis16. Conceptually, if the binding pockets of ATP and NaMN of NaMNAT [its analog enzyme] are redesignedto favor cytidine triphosphate (CTP) and NMN [the common vitamin product of NAD used by humans], respectively (Fig. 1b), the engineered enzyme is expected to make NCD following a similar condensation mechanism, and can be designated as NCD synthetase (NcdS). As both CTP and NMN are endogenous metabolites, no auxiliary nutrients are required to synthesize NCD by those NcdS-empowered cells… However, it is intimidating to engineer a two-substrate enzyme for active variants specific with two new substrates. On one hand, simultaneous mutating key residues within two-substrate-binding pockets will lead to large [metabolite] libraries beyond our screening capacity. On the other hand, engineered molecular interactions favoring one substrate may have unanticipated effects on those for the other, and vice versa.”
…and what happens to the organism?
“Again, NCD production led to reduced NAD levels…”
This post is really a ‘side note’ extension of the Planting Viruses series, which I alternatively call “TMV to CoV” (Tobacco Mosaic Virus to Coronavirus), with the intent of emphasizing effects on human spirituality and intelligence—central, and not ‘side’, issues OF COURSE. Plants by all measure have vastly accelerated our human success on this planet. Knowledge of plant use and knowledge from plants define much of our sacred heritage. The hologenomes mediated through plants possibly represent the greatest bounty of living intelligence in the galaxy –and therefore, significantly representing human control and oppression. Plants are at once animal, mineral and vegetable; extraordinary, powerful and dangerous.
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To wit, here’s a 1999 documentary about the Pacific Islanders of Bougainville maximizing their use of coconuts to fight for self-rule against the incursions of Rio Tinto Zinc, the Australian and Papua New Guinea governments: The Coconut Revolution https://topdocumentaryfilms.com/the-coconut-revolution/
Here are two videos demonstrating our ancient, religious, and sophisticated relationships with plants:
Graham Hancock’s courageous 19 minute TEDx (The War on Consciousness) talk on “Mother Ayahuasca’s” instruction to give up his cannabis habit. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y0c5nIvJH7w
The hologenome concept applied to ‘sacred’ tobacco is relevant to previous and future Planting Viruses posts –perhaps necessary to an exposition of the current uptake and applications of tobacco viruses in nano-bio-engineering. The DREADD technology mentioned by Charles Morgan in ‘Project POSSESSION’ is advancing with the use of tobacco viruses and yeast fungi –plant ‘bionts’. Morgan says DREADD and its innovation from J. Craig Venter is equivalent in military and technical impact to Nuclear Bombs. I’m taking him seriously. These techniques apply to COVID vaccines!
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Holobiont Theory (Lynn Margulis et al) from Wikipedia:
“A holobiont is an assemblage of a host and the many other species living in or around it, which together form a discrete ecological unit,[1] though there is controversy over this discreteness. The components of a holobiont are individual species or bionts, while the combined genome of all bionts is the hologenome. The concept of the holobiont was initially defined by Dr. Lynn Margulis in her 1991 book Symbiosis as a Source of Evolutionary Innovation,[1] though the concept has subsequently evolved since the original definition.[2] Holobionts include the host, virome, microbiome, and other members, all of which contribute in some way to the function of the whole.[3][4] Well-studied holobionts include reef-building corals and humans.[5][6]
Overview
A holobiont is a collection of species that are closely associated and have complex interactions, such as a plant species and the members of its microbiome.[1][7] Each species present in a holobiont is a biont, and the genomes of all bionts taken together are the hologenome, or the “comprehensive gene system” of the holobiont.[8] A holobiont typically includes a eukaryotehost and all of the symbioticviruses, bacteria, fungi, etc. that live on or inside it.[7]
Holobionts are distinct from superorganisms; superorganisms consist of many individuals, sometimes of the same species, and the term is commonly applied to eusocial insects.[9][10] An ant colony can be described as a superorganism, whereas an individual ant and its associated bacteria, fungi, etc. are a holobiont.[8] There is no doubt that symbiotic microorganisms are pivotal for the biology and ecology of the host by providing vitamins, energy and inorganic or organic nutrients, participating in defense mechanisms, or by driving the evolution of the host.[11][12] There is still some controversy surrounding these terms, and they have been used interchangeably in some publications.[6]
Holobiont components
Host: The host member of a holobiont is typically a multicellular eukaryote, such as a plant or human.[8] Notable hosts that are well-studied include humans,[13] corals,[5] and pine trees.[14]
Although most work on host-microbe interactions has been focused on animal systems such as corals, sponges, or humans, there is a substantial body of literature on plant holobionts.[19] Plant-associated microbial communities impact both key components of the fitness of plants, growth and survival,[4] and are shaped by nutrient availability and plant defense mechanisms.[7] Several habitats have been described to harbor plant-associated microbes, including the rhizoplane (surface of root tissue), the rhizosphere (periphery of the roots), the endosphere (inside plant tissue), and the phyllosphere (total above-ground surface area).[12] The holobiont concept originally suggested that A significant fraction of the microbiome genome together with the host genome is transmitted from one generation to the next and thus can propagate unique properties of the holobiont”.[20] In this regard, studies have shown that seeds can play such a role. Evidence of this process have been recently proven showing that the majority, up to 95%, of the seed microbiome is mistranslated across generations.[21]
The plant holobiont is relatively well-studied, with particular focus on agricultural species such as legumes and grains. Bacteria, fungi, archaea, protists, and viruses are all members of the plant holobiont…”
*There’s no doubt to these famous smokers that the Nicotinia species made a contribution. According to a ‘parkdale brass’ article: “Pipes allow people to transcend and connect with realms beyond our own to acquire knowledge and valuable insight… Jean-Paul Sartre seemed to think that smoking was a way of possessing the world and that the universe existed purely as something to be experienced while smoking… Bertrand Russell even said that pipe smoking saved his life…” https://parkdalebrass.com/blogs/news/powerful-people-and-smoking-pipes
Tobacco’s contribution of interest, whether by smoking or not, is this molecule: NAD+, essential to oxygen metabolism (redox), LIFE as we know it and civilization as we built it. I’m learning the lack of NAD+ is the common denominator among people medically diagnosed with COVID and its oxygen deficient sequelae, called Long Covid. My particular concern is on the bio-nanotech devices that appear to co-opt NAD+ and interfere with our all-important redox and Kreb’s cycle processes. To my knowledge at this point, tobacco and its derivatives (which may include ‘tobo’ viruses)are the only source of NAD+.
Oldest Known Evidence of Tobacco Use in North America Found in Ice Age Hunting Camp
…. “the most interesting part of the discovery is that there is no direct evidence that people used tobacco past 3,000 years ago, but this research proved its use more than 12,000 years ago.”
Tobacco leaves and beetle found in the mummy of Rameses II: “The high levels of nicotine in Egyptian mummies, compared with other sources (Balabanova et al. 1997), have been interpreted as the result of the use of Nicotiana in the embalming process, something which could be supported by the Rameses evidence. Whilst the possibility of sources in plants other than tobacco, or the previous existence of Old World species of Nicotiana is considered (Balabanova et d. 1995), early importation from the New World is the explanation most favoured…” https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273292800_Rameses_II_and_the_tobacco_beetle
Can we suppose the tobacco “oxygen battery” (NAD+) was known and thought of by the Egyptians as a regenerating medicament and escort to the realm of the eternal?
This post is a “cut to the chase” about the War Upon You – the uncomplicated version of context—drawn forward from the Big Science coup d’etat of World War Two and our cultural entry into the Nuclear/Space Age. The Big Science of biology and genetics goes from “Tobacco Mosaic Virus to Coronavirus” in my review Planting Viruses, as an intertwining parallel to the high-energy technology that brought nuclear missiles, satellites and global communications to the planet. Radiation, whatever its source, is a biological weapon outside of the limited compatibility range in which we evolved. Radiation co-factored with chemistry –specifically biochemistry— is the basis of Life as we know it. Radiation and chemicals together makes, unmakes, and remakes the living world. Edward Teller, “father of the hydrogen bomb”, remarked that his weapons would “change mankind’s relationship with the universe”. Despite his own chronic health problems related to his work, Teller maintained that “radiation is good for you.”
The very “fine forces” that hold us together as living beings are electro-chemical bonds (not ‘flesh and blood’ per se) under constant over-riding assault from ‘technology’, be it frequencies, gmo foods, medicines, pollutants and the rest. That said, Planting Viruses is following the trail of documentation from TMV to CoV to show how public attention has been diverted away from the real causes of modern epidemics to the pseudoscientific Germ Theory of disease by way of planting viruses from plants! It’s a big, slow story in need of a Teller, you could say, to give it impact — but a great deal of the evidence is straightforward at the laboratory level. Scientific “maker” culture reduces all to its smallest irreducible parts and “rebuilds” – “build back better” as we hear it said today, applied to everything that defines us. Planting Viruses is just one more Lost Chapter in the theft of our humanity, demonstrated here by the breaking of species barriers. Among the questions raised and addressed is the proposition that ‘universal’ polio vaccines of the 1950s were loaded with plant genes and propagated on substrates bearing plant genes, like Hela cells harboring Tobacco Mosaic Virus. The poliovirus, for all the world, is a plant.
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Keep this in mind:
“It’s raining viruses, but don’t panic” (published 2018)
“Viruses and the organisms they infect are extremely highly coevolved,” Suttle explains, “and as part of that process, viruses are really, really good at moving genetic information around. In fact, the field of biotechnology originated [with the discovery] that you could use a virus to move genetic information from one organism to another. The original genetic engineering, if you like, was using viruses to actually move genes around among organisms.”
A large percentage of human nucleic acids — our DNA — is actually viruses that are “still stuck in our genome,” Suttle points out. The placenta of mammals contains a protein that was donated by viruses; major components of our nervous system are the result of genetic information donated from viruses. “Viruses are masters at moving genetic information around and, as a result of that, they’ve been absolutely crucial to the evolution of all organisms,” he says. [end except]
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“Synthetic viruses: a new opportunity…” (published Dec.2009)
“Rapid progress in DNA synthesis and sequencing is spearheading the deliberate, large-scale genetic alteration of organisms. These new advances in DNA manipulation have been extended to the level of whole-genome synthesis, as evident from the synthesis of poliovirus, from the resurrection of the extinct 1918 strain of influenza virus and of human endogenous retroviruses…” https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20010599/
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Polioviruses are “Members of the family Picornaviridae (genus Enterovirus) and of the family Secoviridae (genus Comovirus) were the first characterized members of the order and infect vertebrates and plants, respectively. The order also includes viruses infecting invertebrates (families Dicistroviridae and Iflaviridae) or algae (family Marnaviridae). Large-scale environmental genomic studies suggest the presence of a large number of uncharacterized picorna-like viruses in the ocean.” https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123846846000707
“The poliovirus is capable of producing an encephalitis, with or without symptoms, in the absence of any damage to the spinal cord. As far as the pathologist is concerned all cases of polio are encephalitic”.[p21] It’s amazing that something so small can do so much damage…But the poliovirus doesn’t attach to and damage just any cell. It is a ‘guided missile’ that does one thing: seek out, damage, and destroy the neurons that “activate” you –the ones that activate your brain and muscles. The poliovirus is the perfect human “Off switch”…https://polioforever.wordpress.com/post-polio/
The author of those words, Richard L. Bruno in The Polio Paradox, appears to sincerely believe in the vaccine prevention of polio and writes nothing about the radiation and chemical cause of polio-like disease, a newly immanent crisis in the United States as the country emerged from World War II and catapulted into the Nuclear Age. Doctors in the 1940s attempting to ‘isolate’ poliovirus (serum) from polio patients were overwhelmingly unable to find the infectious agents. The mandate to prevent polio with a ‘cure’ in the era of radioactive fallout seems incentive enough to “plant” a virus and use the vaccine in a new kind of “vaccine diplomacy” among nuclear-armed nations.
* Mahoney Type 1 poliovirus
The “wild” Mahoney type 1 poliovirus was collected and filtered into solution “virus” in 1941 by Dr. Thomas Francis of the Rockefeller Hospital. Personal physician to the Rockefeller family, Dr. Francis at the time had been newly set up at the University of Michigan on U.S. Army business in the capacity of a public health laboratory. The Mahoney sample came from the pooled feces of three Cleveland area siblings who were asymptomatic –healthy!—and became the “type species” (first to be discovered) of the picornaviruses, or “prototype” as Eckard Wimmer noted in his 2002 created-from-scratch documents. The Mahoney strain procured in the lab, it turned out, was the deadliest of the recent polio filtrates. Work on another new polio vaccine, ongoing since the 1930s, however, was delayed; Thomas Francis and his collaborator Jonas Salk were set on the task of making an influenza vaccine during the war. Clinically observed as sickness, there was no difference between polio and flu, but polio was to retain its distinctively special character as “infantile paralysis”—by then, a political definition of great value. All “influenza-like” disease, we now know, can be produced from exposure to radiation and chemicals.
Down Under in Australia’s city of Melbourne, Frank McFarlane Burnet was set on the same task of making an influenza vaccine for his government in WWII, to which he had also recommended the making of bioweapons in the form of intestinal agents. Burnet favorably selected influenza virus over the poliovirus for influenza’s quality of stability in lab experiments –having a larger genome it was less likely to mutate out of existence as poliovirus would were it not for vaccination and revaccination.
Contemporary investigations reveal that plant viruses are normal commensals of the human gut, as they should be, able to be collected and reconstituted from newborn, exclusively breast-fed infants. In a very small but significant study, modern observers noted that 17 plant viruses were collected from newborn human feces, including tobacco mosaic virus, the “type species” of the helical rod, filamentous group. None of the parents of these newborns used or worked with tobacco, although it is known that TMV ‘infects’ many hundreds of plant species, including the most valuable food crops and flowers. Tobacco Mosaic Virus is the first virus, the prototypical “filtrate” substance obtained and ‘confirmed’ as a disease agent in 1892. With this tobacco virus “tool”, I propose to demonstrate how TMV mutants and by-products became the “vaccine” viruses of modern allopathic practice.
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Eckard Wimmer, the elderly researcher who created poliovirus from scratch: …”My favorite virus is poliovirus… and in 2002 we published a paper that we had recreated the virus from information on the internet and no virus was necessary…. This was an enormous shock…[because] the parent of this virus…was the computer.”
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“Originally trained as an organic chemist, Wimmer developed a deep understanding and fascination for viruses as replicating (living) biological entities as well as (non-living) aggregates of organic compounds, or, “as chemicals with a life cycle”.[2][3] After working on the structure of tRNAs and the structure of a plant RNA virus (satellite tobacco necrosis virus), Wimmer chose to study poliovirus in 1968. Poliovirus is the cause of the horrific disease poliomyelitis, which can cause irreversible flaccid paralysis and even death. Neither the molecular biology of poliovirus proliferation nor the mechanism of its pathogenesis was understood in the nineteen sixties… Using the nucleotide sequence of the genome deciphered in 1981, Wimmer followed up on the work published in 1991 by synthesizing chemically the genome in the form of double stranded DNA (“cDNA”), which was then transcribed enzymatically[16] into genome RNA and “booted to life” in the cell free system.[3] This work, published in 2002 by Cello, Paul and Wimmer, was the first test-tube synthesis of an organism in the absence of a natural template achieved outside living cells.[3] The poliovirus synthesis caught global attention, high praise, ridicule and fierce condemnation…” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eckard_Wimmer
Wimmer’s company : CODAGENICS, is shopping its corona vaccine
“Starting from only viral sequence data (no physical virus), Codagenix can routinely design, construct, and grow multiple live-attenuated vaccine candidates ready for animal safety and efficacy testing in less than one month, and faster if needed as new outbreak strains are identified… We seek to upend the current approach to making live-attenuated vaccines”… https://codagenix.com/vaccine-programs/pipeline/
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In reality… “Except for a few cases, viruses are not surrounded by a membrane. If present, the membrane around a virus particle – as seen in electron microscopic images – stems usually from the host cell. Viruses have no energy metabolism of their own. Consequently, they cannot perform syntheses and are thus unable to replicate themselves… With plant viruses, the term specificity (or host-specificity) has a very narrow meaning, since no plant virus as such exists….” http://www1.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/e35/35.htm
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“All viruses are good viruses”…”they are solvents”….”[and] the only way [people] can get a swine flu or a bird flu is if [it] is injected in them” –Aajonus Vonderplanitz, PhD
Planting Viruses is a series-in-progress. So far, part three is currently under construction out of a probable five or six. When I finish it, I’ll be back to this spot to post a summary of each segment.
Self-assembling nano machines are not simply “inspired by biology”. They are biology. Biology is Nanotechnology.
The revelation of the present –and the point of Planting Viruses—is to show how plant viruses, derived from the original ‘filtrate’ methods made of diseased specimens from Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV), have evolved into the bio-nano-technology of today. On the way, we’ll see how human viruses took the same path and ask a bigger Question based on evidence: Are modern (20th century) “emerging” virus diseases derived from plant viruses? The expanding scope of the virus industry recognizes more and more pathogens infecting a greater range of hosts, phenomena known as species jumping and host-switching, but read almost any biology research document from a lab of the modern era and you can observe the species-jumping-host-switching activity for yourself by human intervention. Laboratory science in biological ‘evolution’ is not just a practice of learning methods but a goal in itself with a very long technology-dependent history.
The field of virology is looking for “common ancestors” to prove evolutionary lineage but the ancestors I’m postulating are not viruses at all. We know their names, like Wendell Stanley, Hilary Koprowski, Aaron Klug, Craig Venter, etc. etc. Their names include mathematicians and physicists as well as contemporary software designers and gamers. (–the learning game ‘Plague, Inc.’, for example)
Do viruses evolve? –well, that’s a trick question. Viruses and their stuff can disassemble and reassemble, inside or outside of host cell environments. Viruses, like poliovirus, have been made from scratch with laboratory chemicals and formulas but then so has human DNA.
Entire living organisms such as E.coli bacteria have been made from scratch in labs. This puts the trick in evolution. Nature does have some ‘keepers’ among the genetic fragments and “virus-like particles” spread over the earth, and those are called “conserved regions” in protein language. Conserved regions, which are small and dispersed orderly segments of proteins, show up along the replicated strings of genetic material in reproducing entities. They may or may not be evidence of evolution, but for the time being, evidence of identity and ‘targets’ for gene testing. PCR tests, for example, are designed to target and “amplify” conserved regions in genetic specimens. In effect, PCR is a factory for making those certain ‘codes’ of interest and the reason you can stop wondering why a COVID PCR test is not a ‘heath’ test.
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Covid testing is switching to sewerage anyway –despite the ‘social benefits’ of maintaining individual testing –and we’ll look at the sewerage situation with plant viruses. Vaccines made from fecal matter extracts –as it appears all the older vaccines were—injected plant virus particles directly into the bloodstream. It prompts another set of questions about CoV positive tests: if COVID positivity is the outcome of prior vaccination for polio. They have the same ancestors. Poliovirus likeness to plant virus is demonstrated in Part Two.
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Part Three is going to focus on plant viruses infecting humans directly, without the need for an intermediate vector, like insects and vertebrates. It will also describe the peculiar differences between “infection” and “infectious” as it’s used in the literature, therefore determining a qualitative interpretation of “safety” as “non-infectious”, and I’ll apply that to TMV-derived nano-products. And, my favorite part –Pictures!—micrographs and progressive comparisons of “real” plant viruses, and some comparisons to “fake virus” images like the “clathrin-coated vesicels” pictured in Part One.
Here’s the Worksheet first (with clips from ‘search)
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“Humans have antibodies against a plant virus: evidence from tobacco mosaic virus”
Pepper Mild Mottle Virus, a Plant Virus Associated with Specific Immune Responses, Fever, Abdominal Pains, and Pruritus in Humans
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Conclusions
Our study identified a local source of PMMoV and linked the presence of PMMoV RNA in stool with a specific immune response and clinical symptoms. Although clinical symptoms may be imputable to another cofactor, including spicy food, our data suggest the possibility of a direct or indirect pathogenic role of plant viruses in humans.
… PMMoV is a non-enveloped, rod-shaped, single-stranded positive sense RNA virus classified in the genus Tobamovirus, which includes viruses extremely resistant to physical and chemical agents[8]–[9]. It is one of the major pathogens of Capsicum spp (chili peppers). Complementary data from Zhang et al.‘s study have shown that PMMoV could be detected in non-diarrheic stool from 12 out of 18 individuals living in San Diego, USA or in Singapore, suggesting it might be geographically widespread, and in 3 out of 22 fresh and processed pepper samples. Moreover, the fecal PMMoV was viable and could infect host plants.
…All N. tabacum cultivar Xanthi NN plants inoculated with each of the three PMMoV RNA-positive food products developed local lesions typical of PMMoV infection within 5–7 days post-inoculation (Figures 2a–h)…
…We also identified statistically significant differences in the occurrence of fever, abdominal pains, and pruritus and the detection of specific immune responses to PMMoV in the case-control study. We, therefore, believe that we provide the first evidence that plant viruses may cause disease in humans…
*“Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) is a plant pathogenic virus that occurs worldwide on species of field grown bell, hot and ornamental pepper species. It is caused by members of the plant virus genus Tobamovirus- otherwise known as the tobacco mosaic virus family…
The origin of PMMoV has been linked to Tomato mosaic virus, as they both reside in the Tobacco mosaic virus family. The Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection brought about the link between PMMoV to ToMV from a French study dating back to 1964. ToMV affects a wide range of Solanaceous crops and a strain of this virus likely mutated into PMMoV.[3]”
Tobamoviruses can be frequently present in the oropharynx and gut of infants during their first year of life
…”Plant viruses have been reported to be common in the gut of human adults, presumably as result of food ingestion. In this work, we report that plant viruses can also be found frequently in the gut and oropharynx of children during their first year of life, even when they are exclusively breast-fed. Fecal and oropharynx samples were collected monthly, from birth to 1 year of age, from three apparently healthy children in a semi-rural community and analyzed by next generation sequencing. In 100% of the fecal samples and 65% of the oropharynx samples at least one plant virus was identified. Tobamoviruses in the Virgaviridae family were by far the most frequently detected, with tropical soda apple mosaic virus, pepper mild mottle virus, and opuntia tobamovirus 2 being the most common species. Seventeen complete virus genomes could be assembled, and phylogenetic analyses showed a large diversity of virus strains circulating in the population. These results suggest that children are continuously exposed to an extensive and highly diverse collection of tobamoviruses. Whether the common presence of plant viruses at an early age influences the infant’s immune system, either directly or through interaction with other members of the microbiota, remains to be investigated…
… surprisingly, [plant viruses] were found as early as 2-weeks after birth in exclusively breast-fed infants. Tobamoviruses, in the Virgaviridae family, were the most abundant, and were present in most of the samples analyzed. Of interest, antibodies to plant viruses have been found in animals, including humans3, and it has also been shown that cowpea mosaic virus can disseminate systemically when orally administered to mice12. Whether the common presence of these viruses at an early age has an effect in the infant’s immune system and maturation of the gut remains to be investigated…
Antibodies in the bloodstream are taken as an unequivocal sign of infection by public health authorities. Livestock farmers have, many times over, had their antibody-positive (seropositive) animal herds seized and destroyed as a heavily enforced cautionary measure against the “presence of disease” even when no other signs of disease were manifest. In the animal world, this kind of “herd immunity” can get you killed. Despite our understanding of antibodies as proof of immunity against disease, this seemingly paradoxical situation is used to define “infection” with pathogenic entities. A pathogen (as I was taught in nursing school) is a microbe outside of its natural place. We recognize pathogens only in their ability to induce changes, but in the dynamic biosphere of our planet which is continuously building-up, breaking-down and on the move, pathogens are everywhere. Pathogens, in fact, are the “cause” of evolution if we stick to my foundation principle of out-of-place microbes.
So, where are the “natural places” of some of these pathogens making us sick? Many of them, of the least in size, belong on a long string of RNA and DNA. The evolution of microscopic technology itself took decades of unrelenting improvement and investigation into the tiniest classes of genetic fragments (made of nucleic acids) that amounted to something “microbe-like”. A new class of ‘subunit’ entities discovered by science learning methods is called “subviral agents” and has emerged to categorize these genetic fragments. In plants these ultra-small pathogens are called “viroids”.
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“Viroids are small (about 300 nucleotides), single-stranded, circular, non-encapsidated pathogenic RNA molecules. They do not code for proteins and thus depend on plant host enzymes for their replication and other functions. They induce plant diseases by direct interaction with host factors but the mechanism of pathogenicity is still unknown [in 2004]. They can alter the expression of selected plant genes important for growth and development…” https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15448723/
[otherwise known as mRNA]
Viroid is a term exclusive to plants — a viroid associated with human disease is called “viroid-like**”. One particular viroid-like infection known in human disease is Hepatitis D, caused by a so-named “delta agent” that uses the Hepatitis B virus as a “helper virus” to provide it with functional parts –and a demonstration case of the HepB being a ‘host factor’. The Hepatitis D virion below looks like a ‘delta’ viroid (in blue) swallowed by a HepB ‘envelope’ shell (red and tan), or a virus-within-a-virus structure. I’ll post some electron micrograph images of virus-within-virus structures further on.
Newborns are routinely vaccinated against HepB, a practice begun in 1983 and mandated in the U.S. in 1991.
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So, how did science discover viroids? Accordingly, the credit belongs to Theodor Otto Diener, a Swiss plant pathologist who emigrated to the United States in 1939:
“In 1959, Diener joined the US Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Research Service Pioneering Laboratory for Plant Virology at the Agricultural Research Center in Beltsville, Maryland,[2] where he investigated the cause of the potato spindle tuber disease. This led to the unexpected discovery of the causative agent, a small RNA molecule, eighty times smaller than the smallest known viruses, for which he proposed the term viroid.[6][7] Later, viroids were characterized as single stranded covalently closed circular RNA molecules occurring as highly base-paired rod-like structures.[8] Viroids, together with viroid-like satellite RNAs have been officially endorsed by the International Committee for Virus Taxonomy (ICTV) as a novel order of subviral agents,[9] which, in its 2014 publication, encompassed 2 families, 8 genera and 32 species.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Otto_Diener
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Diener himself wrote the following:
Abstract
“The discovery of the viroid in 1971, which initiated the third major expansion of the biosphere towards smaller living entities—after discovery of the “subvisual” microorganisms in 1675 and that of the “submicroscopic” viruses in 1892—has been officially endorsed by the International Committee on Virus Taxonomy as a new order called subviral agents.
“In 1989, I proposed that, based on their respective molecular properties, viroids are more plausible “living fossils” of the hypothetical RNA World (widely assumed to have existed prior to the evolution of DNA or proteins) than are intron-derived RNAs, which were, at that time, suggested as putative survivors. There were few citations of my proposal—and virtually none of viroids—beyond plant virology unil 1994, when Cheles-Flores critically examined the hypothesis and pointed out a serious difficulty, as well as a process by which this difficulty could be overcome. In 2013, when investigations by Koonin and Dolja revealed that of extant RNAs, viroids “strikingly” display some of the molecular properties posited for the earliest evolving, selfish RNAs (primordial RNAs), but, because extant organisms, aside from higher plants, appear not to harbor viroids, they cannot be regarded as primordial fossils, but appear to have evolved post LUCA (the Last Universal Common Ancestor). Here, I review whether some evidence nevertheless is compatible with the original postulate of the 1989 hypothesis. My analysis reveals no unequivocal evidence for an ancient origin of viroids, but suggests, alternatively, that viroids may have evolved de novo more recently, probably by novel processes similar to those suggested by each reviewer.” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4807594/
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“…we show that circular RNA replicons analogous to [viroid family] Pospiviroidae emerge if evolution is seeded with minimal circular RNAs that grow through the gradual addition of nucleotides. Further, these rod-like replicons often maintain their structure ifindependent functional modulesare acquired that impose selective constraints. The evolutionary scenario we propose here is consistent with the structural and biochemical properties of viroids described to date.” https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31075860/
Obtaining viroids (a word not-yet coined) for experimental purposes dates back to the 1955 Tobacco Mosaic Virus publication by Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat and Robley C. Williams from the Virus Laboratory of the University of California (Wendell Stanley’s lab). The men dissolved TMV in a chemical solution, purified and then reconstituted it in solution, obtaining a ratio of infective particles. Their experiment, set to prove the existence of RNA/DNA, caused quite a stir : “Gunther Stent wrote to Sidney Brenner, ‘Frankel-Conrat seems to have done the biggest thing with TMV since Stanley crystalized it. He can add soluble TMV protein to soluble TMV RNA, aggregate the whole mess into rods of which 0.1% are infective!!! Naturally, you don’t believe it–nor did I or anyone else, but unless he has made up the whole thing it seems that it must be true. You can’t beat that for laughs, can you buddy?’ It was true.”
The denaturing and reconstitution of infective TMV at UCBerkeley was paid for by the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, NFIP known as the March of Dimes for polio research, and the National Cancer Institute of the NIH. Rosalind Franklin’s “structure group” at Birbeck, University of London, was also paid by NFIP and NCI to study polio (see part two), and these same entities paid for the development of both influenza and polio vaccines from the beginning of World War II forward.
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When we get to the Common Cold section of this series, we will also see that the ‘discoverer’ of human coronaviruses, Dr. David Tyrell, launched his career as an epidemiologist with the British government following a polio outbreak in his hometown of Sheffield UK, famous for its metal products. Tyrell, however, was notably attached to the WWII U.S. Armed Forces Epidemiological Board (AFEB) during the war and returned to the States in 1951 to work (1951-1954) at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York.
Polio is, was, and remains a hub of constancy in nano-bio-tech; structurally identical to the common cold rhinovirus and the cowpea chlorotic mottle virus — its viroid cowpea mosaic virus is mentioned in the citations above as infecting and provoking antibody response in mice –from nature.com: “antibodies to plant viruses have been found in animals, including humans3, and it has also been shown that cowpea mosaic virus can disseminate systemically when orally administered to mice12.” Cowpea mosaic virus has proven more infective than its parent (or descendent, if evolutionary) and is another darling agent of nano-bio-tech, as are all viroids generally. Viroid research opened the way to new RNA technologies of the 1970s forward.
[2020] “Our results indicate that CPMV in situ vaccine outperforms Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV), Physalis mosaic virus (PhMV), Sesbania mosaic virus (SeMV), bacteriophage Qβ VLPs, or Hepatitis B virus capsids (HBVc). Furthermore, ex vivo and in vitro assays reveal unique features of CPMV that makes it an inherently stronger immune stimulant…”
Viroid-type (not showing RNA) protein “disks” of TMV on the left, matched to the UCBerkeley (‘Fig.2) EM graph above, are compared to the assembled TMV rod with the dark RNA coil shown on the right in this illustration.
The next year [1956], Professor Fraenkel-Conrat and his team, which included his wife Beatrice A. Singer, ‘hybrized’ their TMV specimens, mixing the protein disks of one strain type with the purified RNA of another, illustrated below. TMV mutants from these and other experiments were prepared in Berkeley’s particle accelerators by ‘Bea’ Singer and sent to Rosalind Franklin’s group in London for structural study along with ‘Mahoney’ strain polioviruses (crystals in filtrate). The Mahoney poliovirus strain was collected in 1941 from the feces of three siblings who were asymptomatic and considered the most deadly of ‘wild type’ poliovirus.
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“Tracking the Elusive Viroid”
…”Like a virus, the viroid invades a cell and…forces the cell to duplicate the viroid’s RNA instead of its own. The viroid has no DNA. RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, the molecules of heredity; with the exception of viroids and some viruses, all genes are made of DNA.
“The difference between viroids and RNA viruses is that viroids have no protective protein coat. The scientific dogma in 1971 was that an organism with no protein wasn’t supposed to be able to replicate itself, even with a host cell’s help. And an entity as small as the PSTV (potato spindle tuber viroid)—130,000 daltons—wasn’t supposed to be able to infect anything, even a potato.
“Until that time, scientists believed that the minimum weight necessary for infectivity was about 1 million daltons. (A dalton, also called an atomic mass unit, equals one-twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom.) Diener wasn’t much impressed by scientific dogma. He’d seen it turned upside down too many times. But he was very careful to prove that the viroid really existed. In all, it took him 6 painstaking years”… [1965-1971] https://www.ars.usda.gov/oc/timeline/viroid/
viroids in their two alternate 2D structures of ‘rod’ or ‘ring’
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“Viruses (Virus particles or virions) are usually units consisting of nucleic acids and coat proteins called capsids. Viroids consist only of RNA, i.e. they contain no protein at all. Except for a few cases, viruses are not surrounded by a membrane. If present, the membrane around a virus particle – as seen in electron microscopic images – stems usually from the host cell (see picture to the left). Viruses have no energy metabolism of their own. Consequently, they cannot perform syntheses and are thus unable to replicate themselves… With plant viruses, the term specificity (or host-specificity) has a very narrow meaning, since no plant virus as such exists. Instead, plant viruses can be grouped in a number of ‘varieties’. The tobacco mosaic-virus (TMV), for example, multiplies within Nicotiana-species, several other solanaceous plants, and a few species of other plant families. The name of a virus is usually derived from the name of its main host plant. Although with viruses, the term ‘species’ may not quite correspond to the way it is defined in biological systematics, it is perfectly reasonable and common to use it for viruses, too, since all viruses and viroids contain an original genome with a species-specific information. Its continuity over generations is [only] guaranteed by replication in the host cells. The genetic information of viruses is either encoded by single-stranded RNA (most plant viruses), double-stranded RNA (wound tumor viruses), single-stranded DNA (gemini-viruses) or double-stranded DNA (cauliflower mosaic-virus: CaMV). Based on the shape of the virus particle, it is distinguished between rod-shaped and icosaedrical viruses with a capsid that seems almost spherical.”
Picture : Viral membranes. Maturation of the virion (Maus-Friend-leukaemia virus) by budding off the host cell’s plasma membrane. Notice the similar structures of the membrane surrounding the virus and the membrane of the host cell (deHARVEN, New York).
“The pH affects molecular charge, since it is well known that proteins disaggregate as the charge increases, and they aggregate as the charge decreases. Two often quoted examples are hemoglobin (Fanelli et al., 1964) and tobacco mosaic virus protein (Klug, 1979”)…
“This review explores the synthesis of inorganic metallic-based nanoparticles (MBNPs) (metals, alloys, metal oxides) using biological and biologically inspired nanoreactors for precipitation/crystallisation. Such nanoparticles exhibit a range of nanoscale properties such as surface plasmon resonance (nobel metals e.g. Au), fluorescence (semiconductor quantum dots e.g. CdSe) and nanomagnetism (magnetic alloys e.g. CoPt and iron oxides e.g. magnetite), which are currently the subject of intensive research… Biological nanoreactors for crystallizing MBNPs within cells (magnetosomes), protein cages (ferritin) and virus capsids (cowpea chlorotic mottle, cowpea mosaic and tobacco mosaic viruses), are discussed along with how these have been modified for applications and for the next generation of new materials. Biomimetic liposome, polymersome and even designed self-assembled proteinosome nanoreactors are also reviewed for MBNP crystallisation and further modification for applications. With the advent of synthetic biology, the research and understanding in this field is growing, with the goal of realising nanoreactor synthesis of MBNPs for biomedical applications within our grasp in the near future.”
The biophysical properties of the tobacco mosaic tobamovirus (TMV) coat protein (CP) make it possible to display foreign peptides on the surface of TMV. The immunogenic epitopes G5-24 from the rabies virus (RV) glycoprotein, and 5B19 from murine hepatitis virus (MHV) S-glycoprotein were successfully displayed on the surface of TMV, and viruses accumulated to high levels in infected leaves of Nicotiana tabacum Xanthi-nn.
Rhabdoviridae is a family of negative-strand RNA viruses in the order Mononegavirales. Vertebrates (including mammals and humans), invertebrates, and plants serve as natural hosts. Diseases associated with member viruses include rabies encephalitis caused by the rabies virus, and flu-like symptoms in humans caused by vesiculoviruses.
Rhabdoviridae is a virus family within the Mononegavirales order, which also contains the Bornaviridae, Filoviridae, and Paramyxoviridae families. Rhabdoviridae contains six genera: vesiculovirus, lyssavirus, ephemerovirus, norvirhabdovirus, cytorhabdovirus, and nucleorabdovirus.
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Abstract
“Classical plant rhabdoviruses infect monocot and dicot plants, have unsegmented negative-sense RNA genomes and have been taxonomically classified in the genera Cytorhabdovirus and Nucleorhabdovirus. These viruses replicate in their hemipteran vectors and are transmitted in a circulative-propagative mode and virus infection persists for the life of the insect. Based on the discovery of numerous novel rhabdoviruses in arthropods during metagenomic studies and extensive phylogenetic analyses of the family Rhabdoviridae, it is hypothesized that plant-infecting rhabdoviruses are derived from insect viruses. Analyses of viral gene function in plants and insects is beginning to reveal conserved and unique biology for these plant viruses in the two diverse hosts. New tools for insect molecular biology and infectious clones for plant rhabdoviruses are increasing our understanding of the lifestyles of these viruses.”
Plants — “Monocots, as the name implies, are defined by having seeds that contain a single (mono-) embryonic leaf known as a cotyledon. This is a monophyletic group that constitutes a majority of our agricultural biomass and include many important crop staples including, but not limited to, rice, wheat, corn, sugar cane, bamboo, onion, and garlic… the biggest difference of all between monocots and dicots, is the seed… Often incorrectly thought of as a tree, the banana plant is actually a monocot and is closely related to the grass family… https://biologydictionary.net/monocot/
Murine Hepatitis Virus (MHV) is a coronavirus
2001, Abstract “Inoculation of mice with most neurotropic strains of the coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus results in an immune response-mediated demyelinating disease that serves as an excellent animal model for the human disease multiple sclerosis. Recent work has shown that either virus-specific CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells are able to mediate demyelination and also that the antibody response is crucial for clearing infectious virus. Another exciting advance is the development of recombinant coronaviruses, which, for the first time, will allow genetic manipulation of the entire viral genome.” https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11495812/
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1999, “Hybrids of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) were constructed with the use of fusion to the coat protein peptides…containing the…epitope from the spike protein of murine hepatitis virus (MHV, [coronavirus])… The TMV hybrids were propagated in tobacco plants, and the virus particles were purified. Immunogold labeling, with the use of the monoclonal MAb5B19 antibody, showed specific decoration of hybrid TMV particles, confirming the expression and display of the MHV [coronavirus spike protein] epitope on the surface of the TMV… Mice were immunized with purified hybrid viruses after several regimens of immunization. Mice that received TMV-5B19L intranasally developed serum IgG and IgA specific for the 5B19 epitope and for the TMV coat protein. Hybrid TMV-5B19, administered by subcutaneous injections, elicited high titersof serum IgG that was specific for the 5B19 epitope and for coat protein, but IgA that was specific against 5B19 was not observed. Mice that were immunized with hybrid virus by subcutaneous or intranasal routes of administration survived challenge with a lethal dose (10 x LD50) of MHV strain JHM, whereas mice administered wild-type TMV died 10 d[days] post challenge. …These studies show that TMV can be an effective vaccine delivery vehicle for parenteral and mucosal immunization and for protection from challenge with [corona] viral infection.” https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10393897/
“Mar 09, 2020 · In fact, a research study from 2013 on coronavirus in strawberries and lettuce found that the virus only survives on produce between four and 10 days”…
The keyword above is “on” the produce as opposed to “in” the produce, suggesting outside contamination of CoV spreading in 2013. But a case of Tanzanian paw-paw fruit that tested CoV positive last May took the tack of faulty testing, even though goats tested with the same tool were also positive –animals test positive and develop covid, we’re told, just like people—and was accepted. But fruit?? A coronavirus gene sequence in fruit?– now, that just can’t be allowed.
In Part One previously, I posted a 2005 vaccine research document that showed SARS-CoV antigen (the immune ‘provocation’ element) genetically embedded in tomato, tobacco, and potato plants as a plausible food vaccine that was demonstrated to be successful. The scientists wanted to show “that the plant system provides many practical, economic, and safety advantages compared with conventional systems… without injection-related hazards”…
Despite an outcry against it be aware that food vaccines are coming back. Tobacco after all is a food, a “Feed The World” kind of nutrient-dense, protein-rich food source (see the previous post Planting Viruses) that has a lot of appeal over, say, worms and insects. It just isn’t a snack like a tomato or a pawpaw and that’s what’s coming back –the whack in your snack!
“May 06, 2020 · The only similar work that can be found in the bibliography is the development of a tomato with SARS-CoVantigens, which was responsible for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Southeast Asian countries in 2002-2003 and has 70 percent genomic similarity to the pathogen behind the current pandemic”…
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In Part Two, here as you read, we’re going to look back at the small group of researchers who worked with Tobacco Mosaic Virus to discover it’s properties –its structural properties—and how they learned what constitutes “virus,” including the genetic makeup of its proteins, all from architectural models of structure. Revealed by X-rays, electron microscopes, mathematical algorithms, and cleverly designed cameras –the tech-heavy core of discovery– a simply-derived liquid ‘filtrate’ called “virus” was turned into building blocks of nanotechnology. The Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) today is both a tool and a medium for redesigning biology.
The group, which I’ll call the ‘Structure Group’, has in its members some of the most renown scientists of modern history; Watson & Crick and their Nobel-winning colleague Maurice Wilkins who won their Prize for modeling the structure of DNA; Rosalind Franklin who supplied them with the graphs to prove it; and John Desmond (J.D.) Bernal, the genius who showed them the way. The art and artifice of the Structure Group in London created a cultish destination point of pilgrimage, a Mecca of methods where eager young protein chemists vied for a place. Many of them are still living and teaching today, responsible for the ‘classic’ images of viruses I’ll be showing you in this post.
…Such as…
A Comparison Example: Turnip Crinkle Virus (TCV) is one of a half-dozen plant viruses we’ll look at that were analyzed by students of the London Structure Group. It’s identical to a number of human viruses; poliovirus, rhinovirus, Norwalk virus, and more. Dr. Jim Hogle signed his name (with lab colleagues) to the TCV image ‘map’ below. We’ll meet Jim Hogle briefly in this work as a polio researcher at the Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla CA, a neighbor facility to the (Jonas) Salk Institute and campus of UCSD in northern San Diego.
and this: Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus (TBSV), identical and structurally ‘solved’ by the same friendly small group of students under tutelage by the Structure Group ****************************************************************************************
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*And before I change the subject away from food-borne virus, the U.S. government says that Norwalk virus is the most common viral contaminant on fruits and vegetables.
*Norwalk Virus*
Norwalk virus is structurally alike to Turnip Crinkle and Tomato Bushy Stunt viruses, at least by protein analysis methods, which teaches that surface (capsid) proteins of these “macromolecules” can turn, twist inward, and project outward on “protein hinges”, exposing different amino acids (proteins) on their surfaces with or without changing their gene sequences. They can move, in other words, subject to something acting upon them. Mutants, which occur naturally, or deliberately, and easily from very minor or single alterations of chemistry, can signify a gene change as well as a surface protein shape change.
Part Two will also endeavor to define “virus” in a greater context. Tobacco Mosaic Virus was the first ever created with a scientific purpose, credited to Dmitri Ivanofsky, a Russian botanist who was sent to investigate a failing tobacco crop in the Ukraine. In the late 1880s, Ivanofsky mashed his diseased leaf samples together, added water, and ‘purified’ the liquid through an ultrafine filter. For decades to follow, indiscriminate liquid filtrate from disease specimens has been called “virus”. If you had a polio vaccine as a child, the viral component was likely to have originated by this method:
Poliovirus: procured as described
“Materials and Methods
“Virus.–The Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus used for this study was obtained from Armstrong (2) September 27, 1950, in the form of an infected mouse brain and cord representing the 379th mouse passage [through the brains of others]. It was passed twice through cotton rats in this laboratory. The second passage material was homogenized to a 20 per cent suspension in distilled water with the aid of a Waring blendor and served as a stock pool”…
Document source: “THE INTRACELLULAR DISTRIBUTION OF LANSING POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF INFECTED COTTON RATS* BY CARLTON E. SCHWERDT, I~.D., ANO ARTHUR B. PARDEE, PH.D. (From the Virus Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley) (Received for publication, April 25, 1952)”
“Global eradication of polio has been the ultimate game of Whack-a-Mole for the past decade; when it seems the virus has been beaten into submission in a final refuge, up it pops in a new region. Now, as vanquishing polio worldwide appears again within reach, another insidious threat may be in store from infection sources hidden in plain view. Polio’s latest redoubts are “chronic excreters,” people with compromised immune systems who, having swallowed weakened polioviruses in an oral vaccine as children, generate and shed live viruses from their intestines and upper respiratory tracts for years. Healthy children react to the vaccine by developing antibodies that shut down viral replication, thus gaining immunity to infection. But chronic excreters cannot quite complete that process and instead churn out a steady supply of viruses. The oral vaccine’s weakened viruses can mutate and regain wild polio’s hallmark ability to paralyze the people it infects. After coming into wider awareness in the mid-1990s, the condition shocked researchers.”
“Watson began working on tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), which contains a nucleic acid called RNA. He hoped that his studies would help him eventually learn about DNA. Watson began learning how to make X-ray crystallography images in order to try to show that TMV had helically stacked protein”…
“In 1952 he determined the structure of the protein coat surrounding the tobacco mosaic virus but made no dramatic progress with DNA. Suddenly, in the spring of 1953, Watson saw that the essential DNA components—four organic bases—must be linked in definite pairs.” https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Dewey-Watson
Tobacco Mosaic and Polio viruses were the ultimate study objects of the London Structure Group when Rosalind Franklin joined the Birkbeck College Lab (Univ. of London) in 1953 on the invitation of J.D. Bernal. In those pursuits, thanks to the intrepid networking of Franklin as history records it, an intimate partnership was forged with the University of California Berkeley. Carlton E. Schwerdt, cited above with his polio mouse-brain virus, sent his wife Patsy from San Francisco to Birkbeck carrying a sealed vial of poliovirus crystals in her purse for the exclusive study of the Structure Group. The polio crystals sent by Schwerdt to Birkbeck, however, were the Mahoney strain of poliovirus considered deadly and the cause of the “Cutter Incident” which suspended the original Salk IPV until ‘fixed’.
UCBerkeley, many biology historians will tell you, was the seed-point of modern virology as the academic home of Wendell Stanley who created the Virus Laboratory (Stanley Hall) after his prize-winning accomplishment of crystallizing Tobacco Mosaic Virus (1935), thus opening the way. Crick & Watson’s ‘DNA’ colleague, physicist Maurice Wilkins, spent his time on the Manhattan Project at the Berkeley Virus Lab with Wendell Stanley– and Stanley became a constant friend and asset to the Group.
For as much as the Manhattan Project was a joint British-American enterprise, the spread and control of tobacco was it’s larger and historical counterpart. No entity on the planet would possibly benefit more (excepting the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation & co.) if tobacco could ‘Feed the World,’ or feed-and-vaccinate the world, than the British American Tobacco corporation –the BAT in your Covid soup. British American Tobacco is the contractor for DARPA’s tobacco corona vaccine. ( See ‘Tobacco Vaccines, by DARPA )
The Movie, Race For The Double Helix, the 1987 British-made film (originally titled ‘Life Story’), is a mostly fair account of discovering the structure of DNA –with a few omissions. Tobacco Mosaic Virus gets a mention, if you can catch it, when Jim Watson (Jeff Goldblum) says, misleadingly, “maybe I should study Tobacco Mosaic Virus, but it’s not DNA”. Watson did in fact study and attempt TMV crystallography without the needed quality results. What Crick and Watson really needed were Rosalind Franklin’s pictures, photograph #51 to be precise, which she called the ‘B’ form –a diffraction grid pattern showing two helical chains. Franklin’s TMV samples had from one to four internal ‘strand’ helices by her evidence. The photo(s) and notes were stolen from her lab and passed to the men by Max Perutz, Francis Crick’s doctoral supervisor at the Cavendish who was himself supervised for his PhD by J.D. Bernal. By then Bernal had already arranged (since March 1952) for Franklin to leave Cambridge (King’s College, and Cavendish Lab at U. Cambridge) and join him at Birkbeck (U. London, across town) to work on TMV.
Max Perutz ultimately won his own Nobel Prize standing with Crick & Watson in 1962. (left-to-right; F.Crick, M.Wilkins, John Steinbeck, J.Watson, Max Perutz and John Kendrew)
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*Advisors on the movie included Aaron Klug and John T. Finch who were Rosalind Franklin’s own assistants and doctoral students: the two Structure Group members who remained at the hub of Birkbeck, collaborating together for more than forty years and training students of their own (and others) from around the world. Max Perutz and John Kendrew maintained ties with the Birbeck Structure Group (as did Crick and Watson) winning their Nobel together for the structure of hemoglobin and myoglobin.
Lab leaders J.D. Bernal (beg,1937) and Aaron Klug (beg.1958)
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Aaron Klug
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John Desmond ‘J.D.’ Bernal (b1901-d1971) graduated from Emmanuel College, University of Cambridge (London) in 1922 at the age of 21 with a degree in mathematics. From there he was sponsored at the Royal Society’s Faraday Laboratory by William Henry Bragg to learn the art of crystallography (X-ray diffraction physics) and was set to work for the British government studying the structure of graphite. In 1927, he returned to Cambridge as a lecturer in crystallography and by 1934 was made assistant director of the Cavendish Lab. Bernal began studying organic molecules at the Cavendish; oestrin and cholesterol (1929); vitamin B1 and liquid water (1933); pepsin(1934), vitamin D2 (1935) and Tobacco Mosaic Virus in 1937. His doctoral students included Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, who became his confidant and lover, Alan Mackay and Max Perutz. His nickname in these years became ‘Sage’. Denied a fellowship at the Cavendish in 1937 by Ernest Rutherford, Bernal was invited to Birkbeck, University of London, where he assumed the laboratory developed by Patrick Blackett and moved into the apartment upstairs. He was honored with membership in the Royal Society. After the war, Bernal’s lab expanded to become the Biomolecular Research Laboratory (BRL), set up in two buildings on the University’s Torrington Square, becoming in the process an arm of the British government’s Medical Research Council (MRC). The spirited atmosphere of Birkbeck under Bernal’s influence led to a continuously dynamic interplay of politics and science carried on nightly among students and visitors. Bernal is remembered for his war work (advising heads-of-state and planning for D-Day), his devotion to Soviet communism (which caused ‘distancing’ from his peers in the mid-fifties) and his legacy of books and articles.
“His first adult visit to the USA (his mother was a bilingual English and French speaking American, but he was educated in Ireland and England) was curtailed by the outbreak of World War II in 1939. Post-1945, many of Sage’s visits to the USSR and Eastern Europe (several of whose scientific academies awarded him Membership) and to China and India included both scientific lectures and peace campaigning. He met Khrushchev, Mao Zedong and Nehru, gave a demonstration to Churchill, and participated in committee meetings in the White House, the Kremlin and 10 Downing Street. His experience of less developed countries began with laborious and uncomfortable war-time travel for Mountbatten but thereafter he made many lengthy tours to countries with emerging economies to advise on the development of each nation’s science… Perhaps Bernal’s greatest scientific contribution was to nurture a clutch of Nobel prizewinners in the development of molecular biology”…. https://www.iucr.org/news/newsletter/volume-15/number-1/book-review
Aaron Klug (b1926-d2018), born in Lithuania and raised in South Africa, Klug arrived at Cambridge in 1951 to work on his PhD (rec’d 1953). He went to Birkbeck to study Tobacco Mosaic Virus with Rosalind Franklin, along with John T. Finch. Klug and Finch were key investigators of the plant viruses when the lab ‘took a step’ to poliovirus obtained from UCBerkeley. A peak moment for their small group was the creation and display of ‘person-sized’ models of TMV and poliovirus made for the 1958 World’s Fair in Brussels Belgium. Rosalind Franklin died in the midst of these preaparations –Klug tookover her work and the operational leadership of the lab. In 1962 he received a teaching fellowship at Cambridge and relocated his academic base with the headquarters of the Medical Research Council, maintaining his ties with Birkbeck, especially in course of Bernal’s deteriorating illness brought on by a series of strokes. In 1969 Krug was made a Fellow of the Royal Society. In 1982 he won a Nobel Prize for advancements in crystallographic electron microscopy. Queen Elizabeth II knighted him in 1988 –this one year after the tele-broadcast of “Race For The Double Helix”– and in 1995 he became President of the Royal Society. In Israel, where he was a frequent visitor, Ben Gurion University named an institution for him in 2013, the Aaron Klug Integrated Center for Biomolecular Structure.
“His certificate of election to [president of] the Royal Society reads:
Mathematical physicist and crystallographer distinguished for his contributions to molecular biology, especially the structure of viruses. Development of a theory of simultaneous temperature and phase changes in steels led him to apply related mathematical methods to the problem of diffusion and chemical reactions of gases in thin layers of haemoglobin solutions and in red blood cells. Then the late Rosalind Franklin introduced him to the x-ray study of tobacco mosaic virus to which he contributed by his application and further development of Cochran and Crick‘s theory of diffraction from helical chain molecules. Klug’s most important work is concerned with the structure of spherical viruses. Together with D. Caspar he developed a general theory of spherical shells built up of a regular array of asymmetric particles. Klug and his collaborators verified the theory by x-ray and electron microscope studies, thereby revealing new and hitherto unsuspected features of virus structure.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Klug
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Don Casper, who co-developed the “Caspar-Klug” theory of structure was a career collaborator and visitor to the Structure Group.
“Caspar completed his BA in physics from Cornell University in 1950. He joined Yale University from where he earned his PhD in biophysics in 1955.[1] He was supervised by Ernest C. Pollard. His thesis was on the structure of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) titled The Radial Structure of Tobacco Mosaic Virus. While waiting for his degree he worked under Max Delbrück at the California Institute of Technology as post doctoral student.[5] He worked with James D. Watson, with whom he had close professional association throughout his career. After receiving his PhD, he went to England having been awarded a fellowship at King’s College London under Rosalind Franklin and during 1955–1956 worked with her at Birkbeck College in London. Their meeting was fruitful both personally and professionally. He remained one of Franklin’s closest friends during her brief lifetime. In 1956 he and Franklin published individual but complementary papers in the March 10 issue of Nature, together showing that TMV was a hollow rod, rather than a solid structure as generally believed. They also demonstrated that RNA in TMV was wound along the inner surface of the hollow virus…” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Caspar
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“Kenneth Holmes was born in London in 1934… He obtained his B.A. at St. Johns College, Cambridge. He obtained his Ph.D. in 1959 at Birkbeck College London working on the structure of tobacco mosaic virus with Rosalind Franklin (officially supervised by JD Bernal). Tragically, Franklin died during this period and the work was completed with Aaron Klug… After a post-doc (1960-61) at Childrens’ Hospital Boston, with Don Caspar where he also started to work on muscle structure with Carolyn Cohen, he returned to the newly opened Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge. Here he developed methods and X-ray optics for the analysis of structures by X-ray fibre diffraction. He worked with Aaron Klug on the structure of tobacco mosaic virus… In 1968 he moved to Heidelberg to open the Department of Biophysics at the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research where he remained as director until his retirement in 2003. During this time he completed the structure of tobacco mosaic virus…” https://www.mr.mpg.de/emeritusgruppen/biophysik/holmes/curriculum_vitae#:~:text=After%20a%20post-doc%20%281960-61%29%20at%20Childrens%E2%80%99%20Hospital%20Boston%2C,the%20analysis%20of%20structures%20by%20X-ray%20fibre%20diffraction.
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Rosalind Franklin and her three assistants (Klug, Holmes, and Finch) were funded by the Agricultural Research Council – Holmes was assigned to work on the structure of TMV for his PhD while Klug and Finch investigated additional plant viruses. In all, they produced 17 papers on TMV. In October 1957, with funding from the U.S. (Public Health Service and NIH) they began the study of poliovirus.
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John T. Finch –“John’s first project on TYMV [turnip yellow mosaic virus] was technically demanding because of the very large unit cell (700 Å), then the largest that had been studied… Comparing the patterns from the full and empty particles, they showed that the protein coat was likely to have icosahedral symmetry, with the nucleic acid having lower symmetry (4), in accord with earlier suggestions about the symmetry of the coats of small spherical viruses (Crick & Watson 1956). At the time it was not feasible to take the analysis to high resolution by X-ray diffraction, so John later turned to electron microscopy to study TYMV.
…At the Birkbeck lab… Finch’s “second PhD project involved crystals of poliovirus, which were given to Rosalind in 1957 by Drs Schaffer and Schwerdt from Berkeley… [P]olio was still a scourge in the 1950s. However, Sir Lawrence Bragg (FRS 1921), director of the Royal Institution, was very interested in the project and he allowed John to continue to use the X-ray set up there, even though the containment facilities were no better than at Birkbeck. Aaron wrote out a protocol for storing and handling the crystals, which were transferred to the School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, across the road from Birkbeck. John mounted them there and then took them to the Royal Institution for X-raying. Only crystals mounted in [glass] capillaries could be brought into the laboratory, with adequate supplies of neutralizing formaldehyde close by in case of accidents. The members of the group were vaccinated against polio with the newly available Salk vaccine. X-ray exposures were long, sometimes overnight, and, as someone had to be in attendance, John remembered the nighttime Royal Institution as an eerie place… The study showed that poliovirus was rather similar to the small, spherical plant viruses also being worked on then, but the analysis was not taken any further.” https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbm.2018.0028
*(Mrs. Carlton Schwerdt, Patsy, hand-carried the crystal poliovirus from San Francisco to London in her purse)
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Poliovirus was not just “rather similar to the small, spherical plant viruses” –it was identical, and the ‘next generation’ of protein crystallographers trained under this group and their associates would have to learn it for themselves.
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Learning about the identical structure of the small (but ‘macromolecule’) plant viruses and poliovirus came as a “surprise” to crystallographer Michael G. Rossmann, who was convinced by his ‘team’ crystallography expert, Roland Rueckert, not to compete with his friend and colleague Jim Hogle studying poliovirus 1 (the Mahoney strain). The Mahoney strain makes the best crystals, but it is also considered highly virulent, paralyzing 80% of those infected with it. No infections at the laboratories handling the Mahoney strain (in this work) have ever been recorded. The Mahoney type 1 poliovirus was collected in 1941 from the pooled feces of three children of the Mahoney family who were ‘asymptomatic’ during an outbreak in the Cleveland Ohio area.
*During most of the 1970s, Michael Rossmann studied Southern Bean Mosaic Virus, although he was eager to work on a human pathogen. He was persuaded to study human rhinoviruses and picked rhinovirus #14.
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*Southern Bean Mosaic Virus (SBMV), with two views*
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Michael Rossmann –‘MR’– gave an Oral History to Sondra Schlesinger –‘SS’– of Washington University St. Louis in February of 1999. Here’s an edited excerpt:
SS. Let’s spend a little more time on southern bean mosaic virus, because that was really the first time you really had a structure to look at.
MR It was the second virus structure.
SS What you said was that it told you more about evolution than about function.
MR It told us about evolution but then when I started to learn the graphics – I spent a half a year studying the graphics – I worked out all the structural relationships …and of course this was published in a paper..[where] I go into great detail about the way the T=3 symmetry works. And the T=3 symmetry doesn’t actually work quite like Caspar and Klug predicted, but it roughly works. There are deviations and what is accurate and what is inaccurate, what is quasi and what is not quasi. I worked all this out for southern bean mosaic virus…
About that time…in 1980 I went to the Strasbourg International Conference of Virology. I had the opportunity to talk with Roland Rueckert . We were not that far away [from] each other in America but we had to go all the way to France to talk and we decided to combine our projects on rhinovirus. Actually, even before, Aaron Klug had shown that poliovirus crystallizes and so I had Sherin Abdel-Meguid, a post doc with me go to Ellie Ehrenfeld’s lab in Salt Lake City to start working on poliovirus. Of course Jim Hogle was working on poliovirus too and so Roland said you really shouldn’t compete like that. Roland was quite right because we had no idea or very little idea that rhino and polio viruses would be so similar.
SS Maybe this is really hindsight but since you had just found that southern bean mosaic virus and tomato bushy stunt virus were similar, it couldn’t have been quite as surprising to expect polio and rhino to be similar.
MR No, No, in fact, when we did solve rhino virus – it is very, very similar to southern bean mosaic virus – the only difference is that southern bean and tomato bushy stunt have 3 identical subunits A, B and C. In the picornaviruses [rhino and polio,ie ] A is VP1, B is VP3 and C is VP2.
SS I would have thought you would have expected rhino and polio to be similar.
MR No. we really didn’t. But something did happen. Our first crystals, not very good, of rhino virus were actually pseudo-isomorphous to Aaron Klug’s crystals of polio. Then we realized, although we could never do much with those crystals, they weren’t very good. Then we realized there would be a relationship, but not before that. Maybe we were just stupid. Maybe you would have realized [it] as a virologist.
SS No, I think it’s hindsight in a sense…
SS In fact, let’s go back to Francis Crick, we all use the example that he and Watson made about viruses being composed of identical subunits. Did that influence your thinking at all?
MR Yes! Definitely. That was the reason why I wanted to study viruses. They are ideal for molecular replacement.
SS Because they are identical?
MR We didn’t know how identical. Lots of people argued with us.
SS So now we’re just about ready to start with rhinovirus. You had chosen them partly because of your discussions with Roland?
MR Yes and he was extremely helpful…
SS How did you choose which rhinovirus to work on?
MR Roland made that decision. He rightly wanted a rhino virus that was easy to propagate that could be propagated in quantity. He looked into what was a good serotype for that and it was rhino 14…
MR…Now what we did for rhino virus was to extend from 6 angstroms, where the map was just nothing really to 3.5 angstrom resolution and the map changed from nothing to something which we could interpret very quickly and we must have got to this on some early date in April [1985]. … we printed out the map and we stacked the map – that took all day… I started looking at it in the evening and, before it was too long into the night, I had been able to trace the VP1 chain and there was some helpful data from Roland and Barbara Sherry about mutations which were involved in binding antibodies and these should be on the surface …and I think it was by the end of that 2nd day [which]..was a Tuesday that we had placed all the amino acids of VP1, 2 and 3. VP1 I had done in the evening [before] and then we did VP2 and VP3 the next day. It was a very, very good map… You might have had 30 steps, I’m not quite sure of the exact number, in going from 6 angstroms to 3.5 and at each step you do many cycles and each cycle takes a long time. It was a big computer operation in which we had made a mistake halfway through and had to backtrack. We wasted about 2 weeks in that but I knew when I saw that 3.5 angstrom map that it was an incredibly good map.
SS At that time what was the resolution for southern bean mosaic virus?
MR About 3 angstoms. The other thing which we realized in those two days was that the structure [of rhinovirus 14] was like southern bean mosaic virus, that VP1 corresponded to the A subunit, VP2 to the C subunit and so on- and that was an immediate realization. Actually, Jim Hogle was working on polio at that time at Scripps in La Jolla and I visited him on a number of occasions. He called me just before lunch so I couldn’t go out with the rest of the lab and by the time the lab got back I was still on the phone. One thing I remember very clearly, I was describing to Jim the structure and I was assuming that Jim had realized this would be like tomato bushy stunt and turnip crinkle which he had worked on in Steve Harrison’ lab and suddenly I realized that Jim didn’t understand what I was saying. I said, ‘Jim, this is like tomato bushy stunt and southern bean mosaic virus.’
[end excerpt, p14]
James M. Hogle
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The upshot of Michael Rossmann’s long phone call to Jim Hogle was a decision to help him ‘understand’ and use the rhinovirus model to resolve the structure of poliovirus. A key to this effort was in identifying the ‘canyons’ on the capside surface –the deep depressions which Rossmann figured to be receptor binding sites, where a cell surface and a virus interact. Rossmann’s team also discovered capsid surface mutations where antibodies would not bind to the virus –called escape mutations:
[excerpt3]
MR …we saw that the escape mutations were on the surface. We didn’t have [as] many sequences of rhinoviruses as there were for poliovirus which had just been published. [But we still] saw that these were hypervariable regions and that they were on the surface and were not in the canyon. We didn’t know anything about conservation of residues [the amino acid regularity of sequences that stay the same in replication, from one virus to the next] in the canyon but it immediately suggested why the canyon was there – namely for receptor binding.
SS So you’re saying that the idea of receptor binding came immediately?
MR Yes, within days of the structure… [So] When I wrote the initial draft paper [on rhinovirus], I was looking up all the foot-and-mouth disease virus stuff, all the poliovirus stuff. Unfortunately its my habit that I don’t usually read until afterwards and so I was reading…and it was really a very good education for me at this point.
SS Had the receptor for rhino been identified by then?
MR No, not until 1989…
[cont.]…the polio work now had a lot of help from us because Jim (Hogle) knew what to look for. It was like turnip crinkle virus which Jim had worked on with Steve. He also learned how we had solved it…
SS In the poliovirus work, did they have all these escape mutants?…
MR Oh yes, absolutely, in fact there was a meeting in Philadelphia…in March of 1985 where Philip Minor was and he had escape mutations but he couldn’t organize them [to predict their locations] and [Barbara Sherry] showed him how to do it…
[Inserted by author] When Philip Minor read Michael Rossmann’s oral history he wrote that his ‘data of which there was a substantial pile had well organized long before he met Barbara Sherry at the 1985 Philadelphia meeting… He continued to explain, ‘Polio suffered from its peculiar antigenic properties. Most of the monoclonal antibodies against type 2 and type 3 are against a site which is not normally seen at all in type 1 [the Mahoney strain]. This is hard to believe for such similar viruses and the field fell into a morass of peptides…and immunogenic sites…[which] was seriousy misleading…[and] clearly thought by Michael to have seriously misinterpreted their data… Philip Minor wrote that he thought that ‘the strange imbalance in immunogenicity in the [polio] virus (which is not seen to the same extent in rhinovirus) has major effects on the pathogenesis and epidemiology of polio and the type specific distribution of disease, and is therefore of absolutely no interest to x-ray crystallographers.’ …..
SS So what were some of the surprises from the rhinovirus work?
MR The biggest surprise which we didn’t expectwas that it was like the plant viruses, that animal viruses were like plant viruses. That was abig surprise…
Philip D. Minor is head of the UK government National Institute for Biological Standards and Control and advisory member of the WHO
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In this slideshow presentation, the author introduces plant viruses and states that Four Families out of eleven plant virus families infect plants and animals.
*How much fakery can you take? What if I told you that since the 1950s, if not before, all the “viruses” promoted as dangerous, deadly, and necessary to vaccinate against actually came from common plants? –and that all the “pictures” from electron micrographs of these so-called viruses are entities derived from either (1) plant extracts or (2) the harmless natural cell components of living systems? I’m going to post a series of articles as ‘proofs’ that the familiar virus images of the past and present are indeed particles derived from plants –and suggest in particular that one plant, tobacco, is the mother of them all.
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‘Fake it ‘til you make it’ seems to be a creed of modern times, in science as much as politics and other endeavors. Keeping Up With The Hoaxes and other staged events has potential for full-time occupation –not how you want to spend your time in this life, I suppose – nor I, so I’ll do my best to make it quick. But I’ve also promised not to skip the “bats, rats, and vats” in these contrivances, especially now as it applies to COVID. The long version will be here, just not today. Scroll past my “clathrin” picture example and read about the SARS-CoV positive tomato and tobacco plants fed to mice in 2005 –created by a group of researchers that included a famous medical scientist named Hilary Koprowski, who created polio vaccines in the ‘50s and was implicated in the creation of HIV/AIDS. Poliovirus, if you scroll down to ‘COVID: Going Down With Polio’ is identical to Tobacco Bushy Stunt Virus (TBSV) and many other plant viruses. The researcher, Barbara Pearse, who discovered clathrin –my fake virus example– shown below, was married to John Finch and learned her craft under his tutelage. John Finch was a member of Rosalind Franklin’s Virus Structure group, studying Tobacco Mosaic Virus and poliovirus at Birkbeck College London
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Today, briefly, is one example with some pictures of how to deceive people with “Virus”photo fakery:
*Cells need to eat. They take in nutrients and other materials by “endocytosis”, which is a way of packaging and transporting matter from the outside of a cell membrane to the inside of the cell. One of these methods that makes a virus-like particle at the cell membrane is called “clathrin-mediated” endocytosis. It looks like this:
* Left side image is the formation of a “pit” along the vertically oriented cell membrane which has outer cell receptors clustered along the depression (long fuzzy gray mass in picture 1). The membrane “pits” ( in picture 2) and encloses itself ( in picture3) with the help of “adapter” proteins (Aps) and clathrin particles on the opposing inner side of the membrane. Picture 4 is a newly created ‘vesicle’inside the cell, made by and from the cell, that has swallowed the extracellular particle-containing fluid. Not many electron micrographs are as good as these images, which are excellent.
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*Here’s “clathrin-mediated” endocytosis illustrated –CCV stands for Clathrin-Coated Vesicle:
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*And here are more clathrin-coated vesicles. There are ‘no viruses’ in these pictures below, but a “virus” in extracellular fluid can be ingested (called invagination) by the same method, which is key to inducing artificial nanobio ‘virus’, carrying drugs and genetic cargo, into the cells.
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Picture ‘B’ above is a “clathrin cage” showing the structural propensity of clathrin assembly. Clathrin architecture is shown below with its ‘triskelion’ subunit.
2005 SARS-CoV research from Hilary Koprowski (and colleagues)
“Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) S protein production in plants: Development of recombinant vaccine…”
“In view of a recent spread of ..SARS, there is a high demand for production of vaccine to prevent this disease. Recent studies indicate that SARS-coronavirus (CoV) spike protein (S protein) and its truncated fragments are considered the best candidates for generation of the recombinant vaccine. Toward the development of a safe, effective, and inexpensive vaccine candidate, we have expressed the N-terminal fragment of SARS-CoV S protein (S1) in tomato and low-nicotine tobacco plants. Incorporation of the S1 fragment into plant genomes…was confirmed by PCR and RT-PCR analyses. High levels of expression of recombinant S1 protein were observed in several transgenic [plant] lines by Western blot analysis using specific antibodies. Plant-derived antigen was evaluated to induce the systemic and mucosal immune responses in mice. Mice showed significantly increased levels of SARS-CoV specific IgA after oral ingestion of tomato fruits expressing S1 protein. Sera of mice parenterally primed with tobacco derived S1 protein revealed the presence of SARS-CoV-specific IgG as detected by Western blot and ELISA analysis.” https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7787023_Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_SARS_S_protein_production_in_plants_Development_of_recombinant_vaccine/citation/download
“Of drugs or nutrients, taken or given by any route other than by the alimentary canal. Parenteral routes include the intramuscular and the intravenous.”
Virology is at the root of much unsupported Medical propaganda with regard to disease causation and vaccination. Due to Medicine’s acknowledged bad reputation, it is unwise to accept medical announcements (press releases) without first running them through a critical gauntlet.
Therefore, proof of virus existence and character should always be required from the claimers of viruses — before going into the related topics, i.e., before going out on the thin limbs, leaves and flowers of a tenuous rootless tree.
This will get you nowhere with a doctor or judge, as they represent authority over science, even if irrational. Nevertheless, virus criticism is essential for an honest conversation, to keep the mind sharp.
Virology: Two Achilles Heels
1) Isolation of viruses is not actually achieved, as it is claimed. Critical examples are poliovirus and HIV.
2) Toxicology is missing. That is, the toxic effects of antibiotics used in virological studies are not discounted. The clinical diagnoses and the epidemiology avoid environmental toxicology.
Going into detail
1) Virus Isolation “Isolation” of viruses has always been broadcasted as a great achievement, because it intuitively conveys a sense of total dominance and understanding of the so-called virus.
Example, poliovirus:
That famous “isolation of poliovirus” in 1909, by Landsteiner and Popper, consisted of the injection of emulsified extract of spinal cord taken from one paralyzed human child into two monkeys. The monkeys became ill, and one died. This illness was interpreted as “polio”, “infection” and by subsequent journalists and scientists, “virus isolation” …. The term “isolation” is derived from the true success of inorganic chemistry (non-biological chemistry).
Example: H2O can be split into two isolates, i.e., two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, through electrolysis. Endless types of experiments can then be run on each of these isolates to determine their properties, density, weight, etc. Examples: A) Fill a balloon with hydrogen and watch it rise into the sky. It must a low density element. B) These isolates can be reacted with each other again to produce H2O again. D) The proportions of H2O can be ascertained. E) They can be reacted individually with metals to form metal oxides and hydrides, e.g., rust was determined to be iron oxide… Clever virologists faked this method and its terminology. They did this by (in practice) redefining the word “isolate” to mean “mixture”, the opposite of its actual meaning. In practice, “virus isolates” are complex mixtures of biological matter…
[Stefan]Lanka notes the lack of evidence for measles virus. He specifically critiques the work of virologist John F. Enders, PhD. [Article 2015] [Article 2001] [Interview 2018] [Virology details 2/2017, German Language]
Lanka: “The first paper was published in 1954 by Enders et al… Enders… cut down dramatically on the nutrient solution and added cell-destroying antibiotics to the cell culture before introducing the allegedly infected fluid. The subsequent dying of the cells was then misinterpreted as presence and also isolation of the measles virus. No control experiments were performed to exclude the possibility that it was the deprivation of nutrients as well as the antibiotics which led to the cytopathic effects.”
And a few notes from me on the fakery of virus isolation by Enders… John Enders is also falsely credited for isolating the poliovirus, according to a critical review by journalist Neenyah Ostrom, on the authority of biochemist Howard Urnovitz, PhD. [Ref] “[P]oliovirus was not actually isolated by these investigators, either. They successfully grew “filterable agents,” which they assumed to be poliovirus, in human embryonic tissues.”
Enders’ fame as “The Father of Modern Vaccines” is perhaps due to his tremendous inheritance and elite membership in Yale’s wealthiest secret society. No joke. [Ref]
*Genesis 3:22 –“Then the Lord God said, ‘Behold, the man has become like one of us, knowing good and evil; and now, lest he put forth his hand and take also of the tree of life and eat, and live forever’ ”
*(verse 23)”therefore the Lord God sent him forth from the garden of Eden, to till the ground from which he was taken.”
“ The Old World encountered tobacco at the dawn of the European Age of Exploration. On the morning of October 12, 1492, Christopher Columbus set foot on a small island in the Bahamas. Believing himself to be off the coast of Asia, the Admiral dressed in his best to meet the local inhabitants. The Arawaks offered him some dried leaves as a token of friendship. Those leaves were tobacco. A few days later, a party from Columbus’ ship docked off the coast of Cuba and witnessed local peoples there smoking tobacco…
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By the end of the 16th century Spain controlled the ‘global’ tobacco trade which was worth its weight in silver well through the next century as the English developed a rival market.
“Probably the most famous Englishman associated with the introduction of tobacco is Sir Walter Raleigh. Settlers rescued from his Roanoke Island expedition in 1586 had picked up the habit of tobacco smoking (or “drinking” as it came to be called). Hariot remarks in his account of 1588 that: ‘We ourselves during the time we were there used to suck it after their [the Native Americans’] manner, as also since our return, and have found many rare and wonderful experiments of the virtues thereof…
“In the spring of 1610, the young John Rolfe arrived at Jamestown, a member of the party which had been delayed by shipwreck on the Bermuda Islands. This new settler observed the Powhatan Indians growing N. rustica. An English pamphlet of the time reported that: ‘The people in the South parts of Virginia esteeme it [tobacco] exceedingly . . . ; they say that God in the creation did first make a woman, then a man, thirdly great maize, or Indian wheat, and fourthly, Tobacco.’ Rolfe, however, was not impressed with the quality of N. rustica…[as] inferior in quality to the fine Spanish weed N. tabacum… How Rolfe came by fine Trinadad tobacco seed is not known, but he was growing it experimentally by 1612 in Virginia. Rolfe’s agricultural attempt was an unqualified success. By 1614, Ralph Hamor, a secretary of the Colony, reported: ‘. . . Tobacco, whose goodnesse mine own experience and triall induces me to be such, that no country under the Sunne, may, or doth affoord more pleasant, sweet and strong Tobacco, then I have tasted. . . . I doubt not, [we] will make and returne such Tobacco this yeere, that even England shall acknowledge the goodnesse thereof.
…”2,300 pounds of tobacco were exported to the Mother Country in 1615-16. True, this was a paltry amount compared with the over 50,000 pounds imported from Spain in the same period, but it was a start. In 1616, Rolfe visited England with his new wife Pocohontas and presented James I with a pamphlet in which the Virginian modestly revealed tobacco as “the principall commoditie the colony for the present yieldeth”… Little did Rolfe guess how important his tobacco crop would become to the economic survival of Virginia…” https://www.nps.gov/jame/learn/historyculture/tobacco-the-early-history-of-a-new-world-crop.htm
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As tobacco crops spread among the English colonies of America so did written observations and advice on managing this “demanding” commodity: …“[In] the world of the eighteenth-century Virginians, [t]obacco touched nearly every aspect of their existence…Indeed, the majority of the planters’ waking hours were spent, as they would have said, in ‘making a crop’. Almost every surviving letterbook from this period contains a detailed description of tobacco production, and even Thomas Jefferson, who never distinguished himself as a successful plantation manager, instructed a European correspondent in the mysteries of cultivating the Virginia staple.” [p41, Tobacco Culture, by T.H.Breen, 1985 Princeton Univ. Press] George Washington failed at tobacco and grew wheat instead. “Tobacco was not like wheat… [It] could never be taken for granted. It dictated a series of tasks…[ throughout the year, wherein] [e]ach step in the annual process required skill, judgement, and luck… [A] French traveler reported that ‘the culture of tobacco is difficult, troublesome, and uncertain’ “[p45, ibid.]
Curiously, the principal judgement of when to harvest ‘ready’ tobacco, depending on the appearance of the plants, fits the categorical descriptions of disease: “…to cut unripe tobacco was folly. Immature leaves heavy with moisture seldom cured properly…[It] had [to have] the ‘right’ appearance. According to Tatham, ‘the tobacco when ripe changes its colour, and looks greyish; the leaf feels thick and if pressed between finger and thumb will easily crack’…Richard Henry Lee, a gentleman who possessed the necessary experience, advised growers to look for ‘spots appearing on the leaf’ ”[p49, Tobacco Culture] Other descriptors include yellowing, wilting and curling.
A more contemporary account from Kona Hawaii states: “The object of curing was to produce a yellowing of the leaf by prolonging the death of the green cells in the leaf. The yellowing was essential. Too short a cure produced a green leaf.” https://konahistorical.org/mailes-meanderings/up-in-smoke-the-rise-and-fall-of-konas-tobacco-industry/ And though we might guess the golden harvest was disease-free, being strict on terms, pictures tell a different story –a natural story—that the “viruses” ubiquitous in tobacco (and other plants) that confer shape, decoration, and color to leaves were desirable in outcomes of commerce.
TMV-infected tobacco
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Tobacco goodnesse thereof:
“Vitamin B3, also known as niacin, is the third of eight B vitamins. Niacin is a term that relates to several chemical forms of vitamin B3. These forms include nicotinamide and nicotinic acid. These names are all based on the research done on tobacco in the 1930s in which vitamin B3 was first isolated in a laboratory while working on the nicotine collected from tobacco leaves. Niacin, like the other B-complex vitamins, plays an important role in energy production in the body. Two forms of vitamin B3, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), are needed by the body to convert protein, fat, and carbohydrates into useable energy. The processing of fats in the body, like those involved in the building of cell membranes and even fat-based hormones (otherwise known as steroid hormones), all require the presence of vitamin B3 to initiate synthesis. Niacin has also been used to lower total blood cholesterol with great success, even though the body actually requires vitamin B3 to produce cholesterol in the liver.Vitamin B3 is also involved in the manufacture of DNA. A link between DNA damage and a deficiency of niacin can be found. It is being researched particularly in terms of the formation of cancer and its possible prevention. Blood sugar regulation is another benefit of vitamin B3, as it has been shown to be involved in the metabolism of insulin. Although researchers are yet to completely agree on the process by which vitamin b3 does this, they do support the idea that glucose tolerance factor (GTF), of which vitamin B3 is a part of, must be present in the body to help maintain optimal insulin activity.” https://breakingmuscle.com/healthy-eating/the-abcs-of-vitamins-vitamin-b3-niacin
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Tobacco can Feed the World:
Tobacco “may in time become one of the world’s principal sources of protein for human consumption and livestock feed.” So stated no less an authority than the World Health Organization’s Farm and Agriculture Organization in 1981. . Nevertheless, tobacco as a protein source has received so little publicity over the years that most of us are still largely unaware of it’s potential to feed a hungry world. Protein From Tobacco : Among the protein extracts that were prepared from a variety of green plants and forage crops, those originating from the leaves of the tobacco plant, Nicotiana tabacum, according to Wildman, a leading protein chemist, had “properties which make them uniquely desirable as sources of edible leaf protein”. https://www.acsh.org/news/1992/01/01/food-from-tobacco-a-well-kept-secret
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Feeding the world with tobacco, apparently even when this article was published in 1992, was a nonstarter. The public mind is set against it, they say. We live in a world were a tobacco plant is dangerous and a nuclear plant is safe, and these concepts start really getting mixed up as the history carries forward into the twentieth century –the interlacing history of tobacco, virology, and high-energy nuclear tools –coming back as “Part Two.”
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One more ‘goodnesse’ you may have heard:
Abstract
“Reports from various countries suggest that tobacco smoking might protect from SARS-CoV-2 infection, since the prevalence of smoking in COVID-19 hospitalized patients is lower than in the respective general population. Apart from nicotine or other chemicals contained in tobacco smoke, we propose that a single-stranded RNA virus that infects tobacco leaves, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), might be implicated in this effect. TMV, though non-pathogenic, is found in smokers’ airways, and stimulates adaptive and innate immunity, with release of specific antibodies and interferons. The latter may have preventive and/or therapeutic effects against COVID-19. If confirmed by epidemiological and interventional studies, this might lead to the use of TMV as an immunological adjuvant against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease.”
Founder of Humane Genomics, which is creating artificial viruses for therapy, and chair of Singularity University, Andrew Hessel, shares his enthusiasm for synthetic biology:
minute9: “we’re able to take a drop of blood and get a full genome”
minute11: [The company] “Health Nucleus is starting to build avatars, a digital health representation of the human being… that gets deep into your personal health…[at] the core of your story.”
— three companies mentioned; Illumina, Grail, and Health Nucleus, are briefly introduced below.
Andrew Hessel, interviewed by Josh Wolff, Aug.2020:
Wolff: Can you tell me more about the process of developing the viruses?
[A.H.] We begin with small molecule drugs. We sort of throw away those because while you can computationally predict those, you have no idea how they are going to end up in the body – and what kind of reaction will ensue. So, we began with biologics, and we tried to remove this hard-to-predict problem.
Cells, viruses – they’re all machines, in a way. So we began by making a synthetic virus totally from scratch. It’s not as difficult as it may seem. You see, it’s just that no one is doing it. There has been paltry development in the field over the past 20 to 30 years. If you look at the number of viruses that have been sequenced, there may be around 8300. If you look at the number of viruses that have been synthesized, there may have been 30. This field is ripe for growth…
Illumina, Inc. is an American company. Incorporated in April 1998, Illumina develops, manufactures, and markets integrated systems for the analysis of genetic variation and biological function. The company provides a line of products and services that serves the sequencing, genotyping and gene expression, and proteomics markets. Its headquarters are located in San Diego, California.
…In January 2014, Illumina already held 70% of the market for genome-sequencing machines.[25] Illumina machines accounted for more than 90% of all DNA data produced.[26] In fact, the amount of data produced by Illumina machines is such that the company invested in the acquisition of the pre-commercial firm Enancio in 2020, which had developed a DNA data compression algorithm specifically targeting Illumina data capable of reducing storage footprint by 80% (e.g. 50 Gb compressed to 10 Gb).[27] …In late 2015, Illumina spun off the company GRAIL, focused on blood testing for cancer tumors in the bloodstream. In 2017 the company had planned to raise $1 billion in its second round of financing, and received funding from Bill Gates and Jeff Bezos investing $100 million in series A funding, and with Illumina maintaining a 20% holding share in Grail.[30] The company is working with a blood test trial with over 120,000 women during scheduled mammogram visits in the states of Minnesota and Wisconsin, as well as a partnership with the Mayo Clinic. The company Grail uses Illumina sequencing technology for tests.[31] The company plans to roll out the tests by 2019, with a cost of $500 per individual.[32] In September 2020, Illumina announced a proposed cash and stock deal to acquire Grail for $8 billion.[33][34]
GRAIL is an American biotechnology and pharmaceutical company, which began in 2015 as a San Francisco start-up, with the purpose of developing an early cancer screening test for people who do not have symptoms. The parent company is Illumina of San Diego. Its headquarters is in Menlo Park, California, with locations in Washington, D.C., North Carolina, and the United Kingdom.
Their liquid biopsy, still undergoing research as of November 2020 and called the ‘Galleri test’, detects fragments of DNA in a blood sample via next-generation sequencing, which identifies DNA methylation, distinct patterns of which are associated with particular cancers, potentially allowing for the early detection of cancer and providing information of the origin of the cancer. It is one of three multicancer screening tests under investigation; the other two being the CancerSEEK assay and the PanSeer assay. On 27 November 2020 GRAIL announced a commercial partnership with the United Kingdom’s (UK) National Health Service (NHS), to trial the Galleri test…
“If you enter Health Nucleus, a new facility in San Diego cofounded by J. Craig Venter, one of the world’s best-known living scientists, you will get a telling glimpse into the state of medical science in 2015. Your entire genome will be sequenced with extraordinary resolution and accuracy. Your body will be scanned in fine, three-dimensional detail. Thousands of compounds in your blood will be measured. Even the microbes that live inside you will be surveyed. You will get a custom-made iPad app to navigate data about yourself…
“[At] age 67, Venter cofounded Human Longevity, a company based in San Diego with branches in Mountain View, Calif., and Singapore that is building the largest human genome-sequencing operation on Earth, equipped with massive computing resources to analyze the data being generated…
“Franz Och, the former head of Google Translate and an expert on machine learning, is leading a team that’s teaching computers to recognize patterns in the company’s databases that scientists themselves may not be able to see. To demonstrate the power of this approach, Human Longevity researchers are using machine learning to discover how genetic variations shape the human face. “We can determine a good resemblance of your photograph straight from your genetic code,” said Venter.
“Health Nucleus could become yet another source of income for Human Longevity…There are plans to open more sites both in the United States and abroad. “You can do the math,” Venter said.
“Health Nucleus is already taking in customers who can afford the tests, drawing them with a high-end video that promises “individualized services including advanced genomes and other measures combined with advanced laboratory testing,” and declaring the program “creates a model for precision medicine, monitoring wellness in treating disease before it occurs.”
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